ABSTRACT
Methyl anthranilate (MA) is a botanical fragrance used in food flavoring with unexplored potential in anti-pigment cosmetics. MA dose-dependently reduced melanin content without affecting cell viability, inhibited dendrite elongation and melanosome transfer in the co-culture system of human melanoma cells (MNT-1) and human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT), and downregulated melanogenic genes, including tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 and 2 (TRP-1, TRP-2). Additionally, MA decreased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production and exhibited a significant anti-pigmentary effect in Melanoderm™. These results suggest that MA is a promising anti-pigmentary agent for replacing or complementing existing anti-pigmentary cosmetics.
ABSTRACT
Background: Ginseng has been used as a traditional medicine and functional cosmetic ingredients for many years. Recent studies have focused on the potential biological effects of the ginseng berry and its ingredients. (+)-Syringaresinol (SYR) is enriched in ginseng berry and its beneficial effects on the skin have been recently reported. However, little is known about the its effects on the wound healing process of skin. Methods: Here, we evaluated the skin wound healing effect of (+)-SYR using the human fibroblast Hs68 cell and ex vivo pig and human skin tissue model. Scratch wound test and hydrogen peroxide (HPO) induce chemical wound model were employed. Results: (+)-SYR promoted the migration and proliferation of Hs68 cells without significant cytotoxicity at the tested concentrations. Especially, in ex vivo pig and human skin tissue, HPO-induced chemical wound was recovered almost completely by (+)-SYR. In line with the finding in Hs68, the protein expression levels of TGF-ß and PCNA, a proliferation marker were increased, demonstrating the beneficial effects of (+)-SYR on skin wound repair. Conclusion: Collectively, we demonstrated that (+)-SYR from ginseng berry, can enhance the wound healing effect by accelerating cell proliferation and skin regeneration, suggesting the potential utility of (+)-SYR for skin wound repair.
ABSTRACT
Biocides are widely used in everyday life, and accordingly, human exposure to them is inevitable. Especially, the inhalational exposure of humans to biocides and resultant respiratory toxicity are gaining public interest due to the recent catastrophe associated with humidifier disinfectants. Aerosolized chemicals are subject to gravitational deposition and chemical degradation. Therefore, the characterization of the disposition of aerosols is essential to estimate the inhalational exposure to biocides. Here, we compared the disposition of aerosols of one of the commonly used biocide classes, isothiazolinone-based biocides, BIT, MIT, and OIT. An acrylic chamber (40 cm × 40 cm × 50 cm) was created to simulate the indoor environment, and a vacuum pump was used to create airflow (1 LPM). Biocides were sprayed from a vertical nebulizer placed on the ceiling of the chamber, and the distribution of particle sizes and volume was measured using the Optical Particle Sizer (OPS) 3330 device. During and after the aerosol spraying, airborne biocides and those deposited on the surface of the chamber were sampled to measure the deposition using LC-MS/MS. As a result, the broad particle size distribution was observed ranging from 0.3 to 8 µm during the nebulization. The inhalable particle faction (>2 µm) of the isothiazolinones was 32−67.9% in number but 1.2 to 6.4% in volume. Most of the aerosolized biocides were deposited on the chamber's surface while only a minimal portion was airborne (<1%) after the nebulization. More importantly, significant amounts of MIT and OIT were degraded during aerosolization, resulting in poor total recovery compared to BIT (31%, 71% vs. 97% BIT). This result suggests that some isothiazolinones may become unstable during nebulization, affecting their disposition and human exposure significantly.
