A retrospective cohort study of autogenous iliac strut bone grafting in large bone defects of the lower extremity.

Autogenous iliac bone graft (AIBG) is the treatment of choice for managing bone defects, and favorable results have been reported for bone defects < 5 cm in length. In large bone defects ≥ 5 cm, it is difficult to obtain good results with simple bone grafting, and other management options have drawbacks, such as long immobilization periods and high complication rates. We hypothesized that AIBG in the strut form might show favorable results in large bone defects with minimal complications. This study aimed to investigate the outcomes of strut-type AIBG and evaluate its effectiveness compared to cancellous AIBG. This retrospective study included 50 patients who underwent AIBG for bone defects at a single institution between March 2011 and April 2020. We performed corticocancellous AIBG in a strut form to manage bone defects ≥ 5 cm in the lower extremities. The strut bone was harvested along the iliac crest and grafted slightly longer than the bone defect to apply a sufficient compressive force. Demographic information and radiographic and clinical results of patients who underwent strut AIBG (Group S) were analyzed. The outcomes of union, time to union, complications, and reoperation were compared with those of patients who underwent cancellous AIBG (Group C). The study population comprised 37 men (74%) and 13 women (26%), with a mean age of 50.0 (range: 19-78). The average follow-up period was 25.6 months (12-104 months). Group S included 16 patients with a mean bone defect length of 6.8 ± 1.2 cm. In Group S, union was achieved in all patients, with an average time to union of 6.7 months. Complications occurred in four cases, all related to wound problems. Group C comprised d 34 patients with a mean defect length of 2.8 ± 1.1 cm. Complications occurred in five patients in Group C, including four soft tissue problems and one implant failure. When comparing the outcomes of Groups S and C, no significant differences were observed. AIBG is an effective and safe technique for managing bone defects. Strut AIBG can be used effectively for bone defects ≥ 5 cm in the lower extremities.

Comparing outcomes of plate augmentation, nail exchange, and nail exchange with plate augmentation in the treatment of atrophic femoral shaft nonunion after intramedullary nailing: a multicenter retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Intramedullary (IM) nailing is the treatment of choice for femoral shaft fractures, but nonunion rates have been reported to be as high as 12%. Surgical interventions for nonunion involve exchange nailing or plate augmentation. Recently, a combined treatment of exchange nailing and plate augmentation has demonstrated good results, but its comparative effectiveness remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of three different surgical interventions for atrophic femoral shaft nonunion, and investigate the factors that affect bone healing after reoperation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted at five university hospitals involving 149 patients with aseptic atrophic nonunion after IM nailing. These patients underwent reoperation with plate augmentation, exchange nailing, or combined treatment. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were assessed and compared according to reoperation procedure. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors affecting persistent nonunion after reoperation. RESULTS: Of the cohort, 57 patients underwent plate augmentation, 64 underwent exchange nailing, and 28 received combined treatment. There were no significant differences in patient demographics among the groups. Exchange nailing produced a significantly lower union rate than did the combined treatment (82.8% vs. 100%, p = 0.016), whereas no significant difference was observed in the union rate and time to the union between plate augmentation and the combined treatment. Combined treatment showed the longest operative time and the greatest transfusion requirements. The risk factors for persistent nonunion included age, absence of autogenous bone grafts, and use of an exchange nailing technique. CONCLUSIONS: Exchange nailing as a treatment for atrophic femoral shaft nonunion after IM nailing resulted in a lower union rate. The efficacy of the combined treatment requires further study, and persistent nonunion may be influenced by age, bone grafting, and surgical techniques. A comprehensive approach targeting both biological environment and mechanical stability is crucial in the treatment of atrophic femoral shaft nonunion.

Efficacy of Minimally Invasive Reduction With Cerclage Fixation in Spiral or Oblique Subtrochanteric Femoral Fractures: A Retrospective Cohort Study Comparing Cables and Wires.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the outcomes of a minimally invasive reduction (MIR) technique using a cable and wire in spiral or oblique subtrochanteric femoral fractures (SFFs). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Two University Hospitals. PATIENT SELECTION CRITERIA: Skeletally mature patients with spiral or oblique SFFs (OTA/AO 32A1 and 32A2) treated with intramedullary nailing and MIR with a cerclage wire passer using either a single-loop cable or cerclage wire or MIR without cable or wire between May 2016 and November 2021 were included. OUTCOME MEASURES AND COMPARISONS: Coronal and sagittal interfragmentary gap, neck-shaft angle, coronal and sagittal angulation, fracture union, time to union, and Radiographic Union Score for Hip (RUSH) at 6 months post operation were compared. RESULTS: A total of 46 patients were included, with 16 each in the cable and wire groups and 14 in the non-wiring group. There were no differences in demographics ( P > 0.05), fracture classification ( P = 0.710), or operative data ( P > 0.05) between the three groups. The cable group showed significantly better coronal ( P = 0.003) and sagittal ( P = 0.003) interfragmentary gap, shorter union time ( P < 0.001), and higher 6-month RUSH score ( P < 0.001) among the three groups. There were no significant differences in outcome measures between the wire and non-wiring groups (all P > 0.05). No mechanical complications or reoperations were observed in all three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive reduction using a cable is more effective than wire or non-wiring reduction to improve reduction quality and promote bone union in the SFFs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Usefulness of a drill stopper to prevent iatrogenic soft tissue injury in orthopedic surgery.

Objective: This study introduces a novel technique utilizing a drill stopper to limit drill penetration depth and to prevent iatrogenic injuries, specifically neurovascular damage, in orthopedic surgeries. Orthopedic surgeries frequently involve the use of drills, which are essential tools for various procedures. However, improper handling of drills can lead to iatrogenic soft tissue injuries, causing severe consequences such as permanent disability or life-threatening complications. To address this issue, we propose the use of a drill stopper as a safeguard to prevent excessive drill penetration and reduce the risk of soft tissue damage during surgery. Materials and Methods: The study involved 32 orthopedic surgeons, half of whom were experienced and the other half inexperienced. Synthetic femur bone models (Synbone) were used for drilling exercises, employing four configurations: a sharp drill bit without a stopper (SF, Sharp Free), a sharp drill bit with a stopper (SS, Sharp Stopper), a blunt drill bit without a stopper (BF, Blunt Free), and a blunt drill bit with a stopper (BS, Blunt Stopper). Each participant conducted three trials for each configuration, and the penetration depth was measured after each trial. Results: For experienced surgeons, the average penetration depths were 3.83 (±1.826)mm for SF, 11.02 (±3.461)mm for BF, 2.88 (±0.334)mm for SS, and 2.75 (±0.601)mm for BS. In contrast, inexperienced surgeons had average depths of 8.52 (±4.608)mm for SF, 18.75 (±4.305)mm for BF, 2.96 (±0.683)mm for SS, and 2.83 (±0.724)mm for BS. Conclusion: The use of a drill stopper was highly effective in controlling drill penetration depth and preventing iatrogenic injuries during orthopedic surgeries. We recommend its incorporation, particularly when using a blunt drill bit or when an inexperienced surgeon operates in an anatomically unfamiliar area. Using the drill stopper, the risk of severe injuries from excessive drill penetration can be minimized, leading to improved patient safety and better surgical outcomes.

Outcomes of Angular Stable Locking System in Femoral Diaphyseal Fractures of Elderly Patients: A Multicenter Comparative Study.

Background: The angular stable locking system (ASLS) was developed to provide additional stability to the distal interlocking screw of the intramedullary (IM) nail. Effects of ASLS on the treatment of femoral diaphyseal fractures in the elderly remain unknown. The aim of this study was to compare radiological outcomes of IM nailing using ASLS screws to IM nails with conventional interlocking screws in elderly patients with femoral shaft fractures. Methods: A multicenter retrospective review of 129 patients (average age, 73.5 years; 98 women and 31 men) aged 65 years or older who underwent IM nail fixation for femoral diaphyseal fractures (AO/Orthopaedic Trauma Association [OTA] classification 32) was conducted. Demographic information of patients, fracture site (subtrochanteric or shaft), fracture type (traumatic or atypical), and AO/OTA fracture classification were investigated. Reduction status was evaluated by postoperative plain radiography. Presence of union and time to union were evaluated through serial plain radiograph follow-up. Reoperation due to nonunion or implant failure was also evaluated. Results: ASLS was used in 65 patients (50.3%). A total of 118 patients (91.5%) achieved union without additional surgery and the mean union time was 31.8 ± 13.0 weeks. In terms of reduction status, angulation was greater in the group using ASLS. There were no statistically significant differences of union rate, time to union, and reoperation rate according to the use of ASLS (p > 0.05). There was no difference in the outcomes according to the use of ASLS even when the analysis was divided in terms of fracture site or fracture type (p > 0.05). In further subgroup analysis, only the traumatic subtrochanteric area group showed statistically significantly shorter time to union when ASLS was used (p = 0.038). Conclusions: In geriatric patients with femoral diaphyseal fractures, the use of ASLS was not considered to have a significant effect on fracture healing. Fracture healing seemed to be more affected by surgical techniques such as minimizing the gap and fracture characteristics such as atypical femoral fractures, rather than implants.

Low concentrations of tricyclic antidepressants stimulate TRPC4 channel activity by acting as an opioid receptor ligand.

Traditionally prescribed for mood disorders, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) have shown promising therapeutic effects on chronic neuralgia and irritable bowel syndrome. However, the mechanism by which these atypical effects manifest is unclear. Among the proposed mechanisms is the well-known pain-related inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor, namely the opioid receptor (OR). Here, we confirmed that TCA indeed stimulates OR and regulates the gating of TRPC4, a downstream signaling of the Gi-pathway. In an ELISA to quantify the amount of intracellular cAMP, a downstream product of OR/Gi-pathway, treatment with amitriptyline (AMI) showed a decrease in [cAMP]i similar to that of the µOR agonist. Next, we explored the binding site of TCA by modeling the previously revealed ligand-bound structure of µOR. A conserved aspartate residue of ORs was predicted to participate in salt bridge interaction with the amine group of TCAs, and in aspartate-to-arginine mutation, AMI did not decrease the FRET-based binding efficiency between the ORs and Gαi2. As an alternative way to monitor the downstream signaling of Gi-pathway, we evaluated the functional activity of TRPC4 channel, as it is well known to be activated by Gαi. TCAs increased the TRPC4 current through ORs, and TCA-evoked TRPC4 activation was abolished by an inhibitor of Gαi2 or its dominant-negative mutant. As expected, TCA-evoked activation of TRPC4 was not observed in the aspartate mutants of OR. Taken together, OR could be proclaimed as a promising target among numerous binding partners of TCA, and TCA-evoked TRPC4 activation may help to explain the nonopioid analgesic effect of TCA.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Endogenous opioid systems modulate pain perception, but concerns about opioid-related substance misuse limit their use. This study has raised TRPC4 channel as a candidate target for alternative analgesics, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). TCAs have been shown to bind to and activate opioid receptors (ORs), leading to downstream signaling pathways involving TRPC4. The functional selectivity and biased agonism of TCA towards TRPC4 in dependence on OR may provide a better understanding of its efficacy or side effects.

Surgical Outcomes of Percutaneous Pinning and Open Locking Plating in Patients With Intra-articular Fractures of the Base of the Fifth Metacarpal.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the results of surgical treatment, including percutaneous K-wire fixation after closed reduction (CRKF) or locking plate fixation after open reduction (ORPF), in patients with intra-articular fractures of the base of the fifth metacarpal. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data of 29 patients who received surgical treatment for closed, intra-articular fractures of the base of the fifth metacarpal and were followed up for at least 1 year after surgery. Sixteen of the 29 patients underwent CRKF, whereas 13 patients underwent ORPF. Attempts were made to address intra-articular step-off with closed reduction in all the patients; however, if inadequate, ORPF was performed. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores, visual analog scale pain scores, the total active motion (TAM) of the little finger, and grip strength. Osseous union and posttraumatic arthritis of the fifth carpometacarpal joint were also evaluated. RESULTS: K-wire fixation after closed reduction was performed for 13 simple fractures and 3 comminuted fractures; ORPF was performed for 6 simple fractures and 7 comminuted fractures. All the patients had satisfactory subjective outcomes with over 90% grip strength compared with that on the contralateral side and nearly full TAM. All the patients in both the groups achieved osseous union. There were five cases of grade 1 posttraumatic arthritis after CRKF and seven cases of grade 1 posttraumatic arthritis after ORPF. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment provided satisfactory results in patients with intra-articular fractures of the base of the fifth metacarpal treated with either CRKF or ORPF. Our data showed that the patients who underwent CPKF had good results, and those who underwent ORPF after attempt failure of close reduction also had good results. Our experience suggests that ORPF can be a backup plan when CRKF cannot be accomplished in a satisfactory way. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.

A multicenter study of factors affecting nonunion by radiographic analysis after intramedullary nailing in segmental femoral shaft fractures.

The factors affecting the outcomes of segmental femoral shaft fractures are currently unknown. We evaluated the outcomes of intramedullary (IM) nail fixation and investigated factors affecting nonunion of femoral shaft segmental fractures. A total of 38 patients who underwent IM nail fixation for femoral shaft segmental fractures (AO/OTA 32C2) at three university hospitals with a minimum 1-year follow-up period were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into union (n = 32) and nonunion (n = 6) groups. We analyzed smoking status, diabetes mellitus, location of the segmental fragment, segment comminution, filling of the IM nail in the medullary canal, residual gap at the fracture site, use of a cerclage wire or blocking screws as factors that may affect the surgical outcome. In the union group, the average union time was 5.4 months (4-9 months). In the nonunion group, five patients required additional surgery within an average of 7.2 months (5-10 months) postoperatively, whereas one patient remained asymptomatic and did not require further intervention. On comparing the two groups, insufficient canal filling of the IM nail (union, 25.0%; nonunion, 83.3%; p = 0.012) and the presence of a residual gap at the fracture site after reduction (union, 31.3%; nonunion, 83.3%; p = 0.027) were significantly different. In the multivariate analysis, only insufficient canal filling of the IM nail was found to be a factor affecting nonunion, with an odds ratio of 13.3 (p = 0.036). In this study, a relatively high nonunion rate (15.8%) was observed after IM nail fixation. Insufficient IM nail canal filling and a residual gap at the fracture site post reduction were factors affecting segmental femoral shaft fracture nonunion after IM nail fixation.

Clinical outcomes and affecting factors of ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures - Multination, multicenter analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures and identify the risk factors associated with missed diagnosis of femoral neck fractures and clinical outcomes of this fracture. METHODS: The ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures from seven centers were retrospectively reviewed. Data on injury mechanism, fracture pattern, and fracture classification; surgical factors including fixation method; and timing of detection of femoral neck fracture were analyzed. The clinical outcomes, complications, and the incidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head (AVNFH) were reviewed. Risk factors for missed femoral neck fracture and complications were analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 74 patients with an average age of 43.6 years were included. Of the femoral shaft fractures, 56.8% were type A, 21.6% were type B, and 21.6% were type C. Sixteen patients had an open fracture of the femoral shaft. Femoral neck fracture was initially missed in 27% patients and the timing of delayed diagnosis was at an average of 11.1 days after injury. For detecting femoral neck fractures, minimal displacement of the femoral neck fracture was a risk factor, whereas computed tomography (CT) was a protective factor. The incidence of AVNFH was 6.8% at an average of 36.8 months after injury. The AVNFH group had more displaced femoral neck fractures at the time of surgery, but there was no difference in the timing of diagnosis compared to non-AVNFH group. The femoral shaft showed considerable healing problems, with an average union time of 29.7 weeks and a 20.2% nonunion rate. CONCLUSION: Ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures had a high rate of missed diagnosis, especially in minimally displaced fractures; however, CT was a protective factor. AVNFH occurred in 6.8% and was related to femoral neck fracture displacement, but not delayed diagnosis. The femur nonunion rate was high, which warrants attention.

Acetabular fractures in elderly.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine characteristics of acetabular fractures in the elderly by evaluating clinical course and computed tomography-based radiological features between low- and high-energy acetabular fractures. METHODS: We reviewed 178 consecutive patients with acetabular fractures aged ≥60 years from six centers. Low-energy fractures (group 1) were identified in 23 (12.9%) patients and high-energy fractures (group 2) in 155 (87.1%) patients. We compared demographics, radiological findings, and clinical course between the groups. RESULTS: Average age (70.6 vs. 67.8 years, p = 0.046) and ratio of females (47.8% vs. 23.2%, p = 0.021) were significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2. The Charlson comorbidity index was also higher in group 1, but no other demographics showed difference. More patients in group 2 than in group 1 underwent surgery (91.6% vs. 73.9%); however, more in group 1 underwent minimally invasive surgery (17.4% vs 4.5%). Anterior column-associated fracture patterns occurred in 91.4% and 38.7% of cases in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Most fractures were displaced (>2 mm); 68% of which were comminuted. Furthermore, 24.2% of the fractures had superior dome impaction, whereas 23.0% were associated with posterior wall impaction. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who sustained low-energy acetabular fractures were mostly women, were older, and had more comorbidities. Radiological findings of low-energy acetabular fractures showed anterior column involvement associated with injury to the quadrilateral surface. Additionally, it was observed to be commonly combined with comminution and impacted fragments.

Fragility Fracture Systems: International Perspectives - Asia & Australia.

Background: The incidence and burden of fragility fractures have reached the level where comprehensive systematic care is warranted to optimize the care of these patients. Hip fractures are the most frequently lethal and independence level changing fragility fractures, responsible for 30-day mortality comparable to high-energy trauma patients with injury severity scores over 12. It is a reasonable expectation that countries have a hip fracture treating system of care in place for this high-risk population. This review explores the systems of care from the Asia-Pacific Perspective. Methods: From the International Orthopaedic Trauma Association's member societies, nations from the Asia-Pacific Region were requested to contribute with an overview of their fragility fracture management systems. The content or the review was standardized by a template of headings, which each country endeavored to cover. Results: Australia, Japan, and South Korea contributed voluntarily from the 5 member countries of the region. Each country has made considerable efforts and achievements with diverse approaches to standardize and improve the care of fragility fractures, particularly hip fractures. Beyond the individual nations' efforts there is also an existing Asia-Pacific Collaborative. The data collection and in some counties the existence of a registry is promising; funding and recognition of the problem among competing health care budget priorities are common. Conclusions: Our review covers some of the countries with strongest economy and highest health care standards. The lack of a universal robust system for hip fracture care is apparent. The data collection from registry initiations is expected to drive system development further in these countries and hopefully fast track the development in other countries within the most populous geographical region of the Earth.

Biomechanical comparison of the femoral neck system and the dynamic hip screw in basicervical femoral neck fractures.

The purpose of this study was to compare the fixation stability of proximal fragments and the mechanical characteristics in proximal femur models of basicervical femoral neck fracture fixed by the femoral neck system (FNS) versus the dynamic hip screw. The mean axial stiffness was 234 ± 35 N/mm in the FNS group and 253 ± 42 N/mm in the DHS group, showing no significant difference (p = 0.654). Mean values for x-axis rotation, y-axis rotation, and z-axis rotation after cycle load were 2.2 ± 0.5°, 6.5 ± 1.5°, and 2.5 ± 0.6°, respectively, in the FNS group and 2.5 ± 0.7°, 5.8 ± 2.1°, and 2.2 ± 0.9°, respectively, in the DHS group, showing no significant differences (p = 0.324, p = 0.245, and p = 0.312, respectively). The mean values of cranial and axial migration of screws within the femoral head were 1.5 ± 0.3 and 2.1 ± 0.2 mm, respectively, in the FNS group and 1.2 ± 0.3 and 2.4 ± 0.3 mm, respectively, in the DHS group, showing no significant differences (p = 0.425 and p = 0.625, respectively). The average failure load at vertical load was 1342 ± 201 N in the FNS group and 1450 ± 196 N in the DHS group, showing no significant difference (p = 0.452). FNS fixation might provide biomechanical stability comparable to that of DHS for treating displaced basicervical femoral neck fractures in young adults.

Predictors for nonunion of unrepaired ulnar styloid fracture associated with distal radius fractures in patients treated with volar locking plate fixation and their effect on functional outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Nonunion of ulnar styloid fractures after radius stabilisation by volar locking plate (VLP) fixation without surgical fixation on ulnar styloid fractures is quite common. However, the factors affecting the nonunion of ulnar styloid fractures and their effect on functional outcomes in patients with distal radius fractures (DRFs) treated with VLP fixation are unclear. HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictors affecting nonunion of unrepaired ulnar styloid fractures in patients with DRFs and the effect of nonunion and its predictors on functional outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data from 84 patients with DRF who underwent VLP fixation. None of the accompanying ulnar styloid fractures were manipulated during the surgery. Postoperative evaluation included the measurement of the grip strength, wrist range of motion, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score at a minimum of one year postoperatively. Patients were divided into the nonunion and union groups according to the presence of union of ulnar styloid fracture. Demographic and radiologic parameters, including age, sex, bone mineral density, location and displacement distance of ulnar styloid fracture, and fracture pattern of DRFs, were analysed to identify predictors of nonunion. Functional outcomes were compared between the two groups and were compared according to the presence of predictors of nonunion. RESULTS: Univariate analysis revealed that the nonunion rate was higher in ulnar styloid non-base fractures, substantial displacement (≥1.9mm) of ulnar styloid fracture, and AO/OTA C-type DRF. However, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that non-base fractures and substantial displacement were significant predictors. Accompanying ulnar styloid fracture nonunion and its predictors were found not to influence functional outcomes. DISCUSSION: Substantial displacement and non-base fracture are predictive factors for nonunion of unrepaired ulnar styloid fractures after DRF treatment with VLP fixation. However, nonunion and its predictors do not influence the overall wrist function. These findings suggest that the ulnar styloid fracture accompanying DRF should not be considered a fracture affecting the wrist function when treating with VLP fixation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, Retrospective, Case Control study.

Intramedullary nailing of subtrochanteric fractures in elderly patients: Comparative study of helical blade cephalomedullary nail versus reconstruction nail.

INTRODUCTION: Intramedullary nailing (IMN), which is a common method for treating subtrochanteric fractures, is conducted as cephalomedullary (CMN) or reconstruction (RCN) nailing. Numerous studies have reported the effectiveness of CMN, which requires a shorter surgery time and provides stronger fixation strength with blade-type devices. However, the radiographic and clinical outcomes of the use of CMN and RCN in elderly patients aged ≥65 years have not been compared yet. This study aimed to investigate whether CMN offers superior outcomes over RCN in the treatment of subtrochanteric fractures in elderly patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 60 elderly patients (17 men and 43 women; mean age: 74.9 years) diagnosed with subtrochanteric fractures and treated with IMN with helical blade CMN (CMN group: 30 patients) or RCN (RCN group: 30 patients) between January 2013 and December 2018 with at least 1 year of follow-up period. Radiologic outcomes were evaluated based on the postoperative state of alignment and the achievement and timing of bony union at the final follow-up. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Merle d'Aubigné-Postel score. Radiologic and clinical outcomes in the two groups were compared and analyzed, and the occurrence of complications was examined. RESULTS: The difference in malalignment between the two groups was not significant; however, the RCN group achieved more effective reduction. At the final follow-up, bony union was achieved within 18.9 weeks, on average, in 28 patients in the CMN group and within 21.6 weeks, on average, in 27 patients in the RCN group. Twenty patients in the CMN group and 26 in the RCN group showed good or better results according to the Merle d'Aubigné-Postel score. No significant differences were found for any of the parameters. CONCLUSIONS: In the treatment of difficult subtrochanteric fractures in elderly patients, RCN can provide excellent reduction and strong fixation similar to CMN and can result in outstanding clinical and radiologic outcomes.

New Classification for Periprosthetic Distal Femoral Fractures Based on Locked-Plate Fixation Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to establish a new classification using locked-plate fixation for periprosthetic distal femoral fracture (PDFF) following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and to determine when dual locked-plate fixation is necessary through defining this classification. METHODS: One-hundred fifteen consecutive PDFFs that underwent operative treatment were reviewed from 2011 to 2019 with minimum 1-year follow-up. Most PDFFs were fixed with single or dual locked-plate fixations using the minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis technique. Based on preoperative radiographs, PDFFs were classified according to the level of main fracture line relative to the anterior flange of femoral component: type I and II, main fracture line located proximal and distal to the anterior flange; and type III, component instability regardless of fracture line requiring revisional TKA. Furthermore, type II fractures were subclassified based on the direction of fracture beak as follows: type IIL, lateral-beak; type IIM, medial-beak. The incidence, treatment methods, and complications were analyzed according to the classification. RESULTS: Incidences of type I, IIL, IIM, and III were 64.4%, 8.7%, 24.3%, and 2.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, most PDFFs in type I and II were treated with lateral single locked-plate fixations, except for type IIM, which was treated with either single or dual locked-plate fixations. Overall complications were significantly higher in type II (28.9%) than in type I (10.8%, P = .019). In type IIM, bone union-related complications were significantly higher in single locked-plate fixation (50.0%) than in dual locked-plate fixation (5.6%; P = .013). CONCLUSION: The new classification provides practical and obvious strategies for the treatment of PDFF following TKA using locked-plate fixation. For type IIM fracture, dual plate fixation is necessary to prevent fixation failure or nonunion.

Total hip arthroplasty for failed acetabular fracture: a double-center comparative study on failed proximal femur fracture.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) after failed osteosynthesis of acetabular fractures vs. fractures of the proximal femur. METHODS: This is a retrospective comparative study in two centers. A total of 110 patients who underwent THA after osteosynthesis of acetabular or proximal femur fractures were categorized into groups: group 1 (53 patients with acetabular fracture) and group 2 (57 patients with proximal femur fracture). The mean follow-up period was 6.3 (range 2-16.5) years. The Harris hip scores (HHSs), complications, radiological results, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean preoperative HHSs of 39.4 (group 1) and 41.2 (group 2) were improved to 83.6 and 84.7 at the final follow-up (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). There were two cases of aseptic cup loosening, two cases of septic cup loosening, two cases of deep infection, two cases of dislocation, two cases of sciatic nerve palsy, and one case of periprosthetic fracture in group 1, and one case of dislocation and two cases of infection in group 2, which showed a statistical difference in complication rate (p = 0.021). Total cup migration was significantly higher in group 1 (p = 0.015). After a mean follow-up period of 6.3 years, the survival rate was significantly lower in group 1 (69.4% vs. 97.1%, p = 0.015). CONCLUSION: THA following osteosynthesis of acetabular fracture showed poorer survival, higher complication rate, and higher migration of the acetabular cup than THA following osteosynthesis of proximal femur fracture.

Comparison of tibial plateau fracture surgical outcomes between young and elderly patients: are outcomes really poorer in the elderly?

INTRODUCTION: Several studies have reported that total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a suitable solution to treat elderly patients with complex tibial plateau fractures. The purpose of the present study was to compare surgical treatment outcomes after open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) between elderly and younger patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed patients with plateau fracture (OTA/AO classification types 41B and 41C) who underwent ORIF at two academic trauma centers between November 2006 and October 2019. Of the 341 patients, 76 were ultimately included in the younger group (< 60 years old) and 77 in the elderly group (≥ 60 years). The average follow-up was 24 months (range 12-96 months). The primary outcome was any common complication of plateau fracture, namely post-traumatic arthritis and alignment change. Conversion to TKA, Reduction loss, coronal malalignment, non-union, union time, infection, and limb length discrepancy (LLD) were also assessed. RESULTS: The elderly group had a significantly higher prevalence of diabetes, but there were no other significant differences between the groups in terms of patient demographics, fracture characteristics, and operation characteristics. We detected no differences between the groups in terms of post-traumatic arthritis (p = 0.216), alignment change (p = 0.093), conversion to TKA (p = 0.681), reduction loss (p = 0.079), coronal malalignment (p = 0.484), non-union rate (p = 0.719), infection (p = 0.063), LLD (p = 0.154), or time to union (p = 0.513). Logistic regression analysis revealed that age > 60 years was not associated with treatment failure, defined as either post-traumatic arthritis greater than grade II or non-union (p = 0.468). OTA/AO classification type 41C2 (p = 0.019), type 41C3 (p = 0.008), and malreduction (p = 0.050) were significant risk factors for failure. CONCLUSION: Age ≥ 60 years is not an independent risk factor of poor radiographic outcome and high complication rate in tibial plateau fractures. This indicates that ORIF is still a good solution to treat elderly patients, similar to their younger counterparts.

Mid-term outcomes after the surgical treatment of atypical femoral fractures : minimum three-year follow-up.

AIMS: The incidence of atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) continues to increase. However, there are currently few long-term studies on the complications of AFFs and factors affecting them. Therefore, we attempted to investigate the outcomes, complications, and risk factors for complication through mid-term follow-up of more than three years. METHODS: From January 2003 to January 2016, 305 patients who underwent surgery for AFFs at six hospitals were enrolled. After exclusion, a total of 147 patients were included with a mean age of 71.6 years (48 to 89) and 146 of whom were female. We retrospectively evaluated medical records, and reviewed radiographs to investigate the fracture site, femur bowing angle, presence of delayed union or nonunion, contralateral AFFs, and peri-implant fracture. A statistical analysis was performed to identify the significance of associated factors. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 70.2 months (36 to 191). There were 146 AFFs (99.3%) in female patients and the mean age was 71.6 years (48 to 89). The AFFs were located in the subtrochanter and shaft in 52 cases (35.4%) and 95 (64.6%), respectively. The preoperative mean anterior/lateral femoral bowing angles were 10.5° (SD 5.7°)/6.1° (SD 6.2°). The postoperative mean anterior/lateral bowing values were changed by 8.7° (SD 5.4°)/4.6° (SD 5.9°). Bisphosphonates had been used contemporarily in 115 AFFs (78.2%) for a mean of 52.4 months (1 to 204; SD 45.5) preoperatively. Nailing was performed in 133 AFFs (90.5%), and union was obtained at a mean of 23.6 weeks (7 to 85). Delayed union occurred in 41 (27.9%), and nonunion occurred in 13 (8.8%). Contralateral AFF occurred in 79 patients (53.7%), and the use of a bisphosphonate significantly influenced the occurrence of contralateral AFFs (p = 0.019). Peri-implant fractures occurred in a total of 13 patients (8.8%), and a significant increase was observed in cases with plating (p = 0.021) and high grade of postoperative anterolateral bowing (p = 0.044). CONCLUSION: The use of a bisphosphonate was found to be a risk factor for contralateral AFF, and high-grade postoperative anterolateral bowing and plate fixation significantly increased the occurrence of peri-implant fractures. Long-term follow-up studies on the bilaterality of AFFs and peri-implant fractures are warranted. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(11):1648-1655.

Clinical outcomes after mini-hook plate fixation for small avulsion fractures around the interphalangeal or metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand.

BACKGROUND: Mini-hook plate has been described for the treatment of various small avulsion fragments in the hand. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate clinical outcomes after mini-hook plate fixation in patients with an avulsion fracture around the interphalangeal or metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand. METHODS: Nineteen patients with avulsion fractures around the interphalangeal or metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand were included in this study. Seven patients had a mallet fracture, and 12 patients had other phalangeal avulsion fractures including central slip, collateral ligament, volar plate, and flexor avulsion fractures. The osseous union and functional outcomes, including finger joint motion, joint stability, pinching strength, and the disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand score, were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean duration of follow-up was 33.8 months. All patients in mallet and other phalangeal avulsion fractures achieved osseous union between the avulsion fragment and phalangeal bone, and there was no joint subluxation. There were no significant differences in the disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand scores. However, the patients with mallet fracture have lower mean percentage values of the total active range of motion and pinching strength than other phalangeal avulsion fractures. We abandoned this procedure in mallet fractures because the early results after mini-hook plate fixation in mallet fractures appeared unfavorable. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the mini-hook plate fixation can provide sufficient stability and good clinical outcomes in those with phalangeal avulsion fractures. However, the outcomes for mallet fractures were not as good as those for other phalangeal avulsion fractures.

Excellent outcomes after double-locked plating in very low periprosthetic distal femoral fractures.

INTRODUCTION: Very low periprosthetic distal femur fractures (PPDFFs) are rare injuries and often have a relatively high failure rate after single lateral locked plating. The double plating technique yields good outcomes in osteoporotic fractures of the distal femur. To date, there is limited information on double-locked plate fixation of very low PPDFFs. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes and complications of surgically treated very low PPDFFs using double-locked plate fixation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2013 and December 2018, sixty-one consecutive patients with PPDFFs have been conducted. Only Su type III PPDFFs with double-locked plate fixation through a lateral minimally invasive approach and a medial subvastus approach to the distal femur were analyzed. Patients were encouraged to perform straight leg raising exercises and active knee motion on the second postoperative day. Assisted weight bearing from the early postoperative days was supported, and full weight-bearing was allowed after healing the fracture site. All patients were evaluated according to the time to union, limb alignment, range of knee motion, Knee Society Score, and presence of complications. RESULTS: Twenty one patients (17 females and 4 males, mean age 76 years, range 56-90) were included in the study. There were 10 of 33-A1, 6 of 33-A2 and 5 of 33 A3 fractures, according to the AO classification. Of 21 patients, 20 achieved union at an average of 14 weeks postoperatively. Postoperative limb alignment was satisfactory in all cases, with an average mechanical distal lateral femur angle of 89° and average mechanical posterior distal femur angle of 86°. All patients recovered the knee joint motion similar to that of the contralateral side, and daily life pre-injury. The average knee and function scores were 94 and 89, respectively. There were one case of non-union and three cases of superficial wound infection, which resolved after intravenous antibiotic therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Double locked plating showed excellent radiographic and functional outcomes with few complications in patients with very low PPDFFs. Based on these promising results, we propose the consideration of double-locked plate fixation in the treatment of very low PPDFFs.