Differences in the Adverse Event Burden of Corticosteroid Use in Inflammatory Bowel Disease as Reported Between Adverse Event Reporting Systems and a Patient Questionnaire.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Corticosteroids are widely used in managing inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. While adverse events [AEs] of corticosteroids are well recognised, current understanding of corticosteroid-related AE burden in IBD remains incomplete. METHODS: AE reports for prednisone/prednisolone and budesonide were extracted from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System [FAERS] and VigiBase databases. Total and frequently reported AEs were tabulated, and AEs of special interest were compared with reports for all drugs using proportional reporting ratio criteria. Database reports were compared with AEs reported in a patient survey capturing corticosteroid exposure and AE recall. RESULTS: In FAERS and VigiBase, 344,140 and 42,836 AEs were reported, respectively, in patients with IBD; among these, 10,157 [3.0%] and 11,391 [26.6%], respectively, were related to prednisone/prednisolone or budesonide. AEs associated with corticosteroid use in IBD increased over time. Adrenal insufficiency, Cushingoid complications, osteonecrosis, osteoporosis, diabetes and pancreatitis were disproportionately reported for corticosteroids. Among 9229 patients who responded to the survey, 6434 [69.7%] reported corticosteroid exposure. AEs were more frequently recalled by patients exposed to prednisone [61.9%] vs budesonide [27.4%; p = 0.0001]. The most commonly recalled AEs differed from those reported in the pharmacovigilance databases and included weight gain, sleep problems, mood disturbance and skin changes. Younger patients and those with mental health disorders were more likely to recall suicidal thoughts/attempts. CONCLUSIONS: AEs associated with IBD-related corticosteroid use were frequent. Patients reported AEs affecting quality of life, while clinicians disproportionately reported AEs based on objective diagnostic criteria.

ß-Galactooligosaccharide in Conjunction With Low FODMAP Diet Improves Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms but Reduces Fecal Bifidobacteria.

INTRODUCTION: The low FODMAP diet (LFD) reduces symptoms and bifidobacteria in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). ß-galactooligosaccharides (B-GOS) may reduce the symptoms and increase bifidobacteria in IBS. We investigated whether B-GOS supplementation alongside the LFD improves IBS symptoms while preventing the decline in bifidobacteria. METHODS: We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, 3-arm trial of 69 Rome III adult patients with IBS from secondary care in the United Kingdom. Patients were randomized to a sham diet with placebo supplement (control) or LFD supplemented with either placebo (LFD) or 1.4 g/d B-GOS (LFD/B-GOS) for 4 weeks. Gastrointestinal symptoms, fecal microbiota (fluorescent in situ hybridization and 16S rRNA sequencing), fecal short-chain fatty acids (gas-liquid chromatography) and pH (probe), and urine metabolites (H NMR) were analyzed. RESULTS: At 4 weeks, adequate symptom relief was higher in the LFD/B-GOS group (16/24, 67%) than in the control group (7/23, 30%) (odds ratio 4.6, 95% confidence interval: 1.3-15.6; P = 0.015); Bifidobacterium concentrations (log10 cells/g dry weight) were not different between LFD and LFD/B-GOS but were lower in the LFD/B-GOS (9.49 [0.73]) than in the control (9.77 [0.41], P = 0.018). A proportion of Actinobacteria was lower in LFD (1.9%, P = 0.003) and LFD/B-GOS (1.8%, P < 0.001) groups than in the control group (4.2%). Fecal butyrate was lower in the LFD (387.3, P = 0.028) and LFD/B-GOS (346.0, P = 0.007) groups than in the control group (609.2). DISCUSSION: The LFD combined with B-GOS prebiotic produced a greater symptom response than the sham diet plus placebo, but addition of 1.4 g/d B-GOS did not prevent the reduction of bifidobacteria. The LFD reduces fecal Actinobacteria and butyrate thus strict long-term use should not be advised.

British Society of Gastroenterology guidance for management of inflammatory bowel disease during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic is putting unprecedented pressures on healthcare systems globally. Early insights have been made possible by rapid sharing of data from China and Italy. In the UK, we have rapidly mobilised inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) centres in order that preparations can be made to protect our patients and the clinical services they rely on. This is a novel coronavirus; much is unknown as to how it will affect people with IBD. We also lack information about the impact of different immunosuppressive medications. To address this uncertainty, the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) COVID-19 IBD Working Group has used the best available data and expert opinion to generate a risk grid that groups patients into highest, moderate and lowest risk categories. This grid allows patients to be instructed to follow the UK government's advice for shielding, stringent and standard advice regarding social distancing, respectively. Further considerations are given to service provision, medical and surgical therapy, endoscopy, imaging and clinical trials.

The Historical Role and Contemporary Use of Corticosteroids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

The use of corticosteroids to treat patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] has been the bedrock of IBD therapeutics since the pioneering work of Truelove and Witts in the UK in the 1950s and subsequent large cohort studies in the USA and Europe. Nevertheless, although effective for induction of remission, these agents do not maintain remission and are associated with a long list of recognised side effects, including a risk of increased mortality. With the arrival of an increasing number of therapies for patients with IBD, the question arises as to whether we are using these agents appropriately in contemporary practice. This review discusses the historical background to steroid usage in IBD, and also provides a brief review of the literature on side effects of corticosteroid treatment as relevant to IBD patients. Data on licensed medications are presented with specific reference to the achievement of corticosteroid-free remission. We review available international data on the incidence of corticosteroid exposure and excess, and discuss some of the observations we and others have made concerning health care and patient-level factors associated with the risk of corticosteroid exposure, including identification of 'at-risk' populations.

Assessment of steroid use as a key performance indicator in inflammatory bowel disease-analysis of data from 2385 UK patients.

BACKGROUND: Patients with IBD are at risk of excess corticosteroids. AIMS: To assess steroid excess in a large IBD cohort and test associations with quality improvement and prescribing. METHODS: Steroid exposure was recorded for outpatients attending 19 centres and associated factors analysed. Measures taken to avoid excess were assessed. RESULTS: Of 2385 patients, 28% received steroids in the preceding 12 months. 14.8% had steroid excess or dependency. Steroid use was significantly lower at 'intervention centres' which participated in a quality improvement programme (exposure: 23.8% vs 31.0%, P < .001; excess 11.5% vs 17.1%, P < .001). At intervention centres, steroid use fell from 2015 to 2017 (steroid exposure 30.0%-23.8%, P = .003; steroid excess 13.8%-11.5%, P = .17). Steroid excess was judged avoidable in 50.7%. Factors independently associated with reduced steroid excess in Crohn's disease included maintenance with anti-TNF agents (OR 0.61 [95% CI 0.24-0.95]), treatment in a centre with a multi-disciplinary team (OR 0.54 [95% CI 0.20-0.86]) and treatment at an intervention centre (OR 0.72 [95% CI 0.46-0.97]). Treatment with 5-ASA in CD was associated with higher rates of steroid excess (OR 1.72 [95% CI 1.24-2.09]). In ulcerative colitis (UC), thiopurine monotherapy was associated with steroid excess (OR 1.97 [95% CI 1.19-3.01]) and treatment at an intervention centre with less steroid excess (OR 0.72 [95% CI 0.45-0.95]). CONCLUSIONS: This study validates steroid assessment as a meaningful quality measure and provides a benchmark for this performance indicator in a large cohort. A programme of quality improvement was associated with lower steroid use.

Oral Anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor Domain Antibody V565 Provides High Intestinal Concentrations, and Reduces Markers of Inflammation in Ulcerative Colitis Patients.

V565 is an engineered TNFα-neutralising single domain antibody formulated into enteric coated mini-tablets to enable release in the intestine after oral administration as a possible oral treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Following oral administration, ileal recovery of V565 was investigated in four patients with terminal ileostomy. Intestinal and systemic pharmacokinetics were measured in six patients with Crohn's disease and evidence of target engagement assessed in five patients with ulcerative colitis. Following oral administration, V565 was detected at micromolar concentrations in ileal fluid from the ileostomy patients and in stools of the Crohn's patients. In four of the five ulcerative colitis patients, biopsies taken after 7d dosing demonstrated V565 in the lamina propria with co-immunostaining on CD3+ T-lymphocytes and CD14+ macrophages. Phosphorylation of signalling proteins in biopsies taken after 7d oral dosing was decreased by approximately 50%. In conclusion, enteric coating of V565 mini-tablets provided protection in the stomach with gradual release in intestinal regions affected by IBD. Immunostaining revealed V565 tissue penetration and association with inflammatory cells, while decreased phosphoproteins after 7d oral dosing was consistent with V565-TNFα engagement and neutralising activity. Overall these results are encouraging for the clinical utility of V565 in the treatment of IBD.

British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults.

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the principal forms of inflammatory bowel disease. Both represent chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, which displays heterogeneity in inflammatory and symptomatic burden between patients and within individuals over time. Optimal management relies on understanding and tailoring evidence-based interventions by clinicians in partnership with patients. This guideline for management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults over 16 years of age was developed by Stakeholders representing UK physicians (British Society of Gastroenterology), surgeons (Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland), specialist nurses (Royal College of Nursing), paediatricians (British Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition), dietitians (British Dietetic Association), radiologists (British Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology), general practitioners (Primary Care Society for Gastroenterology) and patients (Crohn's and Colitis UK). A systematic review of 88 247 publications and a Delphi consensus process involving 81 multidisciplinary clinicians and patients was undertaken to develop 168 evidence- and expert opinion-based recommendations for pharmacological, non-pharmacological and surgical interventions, as well as optimal service delivery in the management of both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Comprehensive up-to-date guidance is provided regarding indications for, initiation and monitoring of immunosuppressive therapies, nutrition interventions, pre-, peri- and postoperative management, as well as structure and function of the multidisciplinary team and integration between primary and secondary care. Twenty research priorities to inform future clinical management are presented, alongside objective measurement of priority importance, determined by 2379 electronic survey responses from individuals living with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, including patients, their families and friends.

Lamina propria macrophage phenotypes in relation to Escherichia coli in Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND: Abnormal handling of E. coli by lamina propria (LP) macrophages may contribute to Crohn's disease (CD) pathogenesis. We aimed to determine LP macrophage phenotypes in CD, ulcerative colitis (UC) and healthy controls (HC), and in CD, to compare macrophage phenotypes according to E. coli carriage. METHODS: Mucosal biopsies were taken from 35 patients with CD, 9 with UC and 18 HCs. Laser capture microdissection was used to isolate E. coli-laden and unladen LP macrophages from ileal or colonic biopsies. From these macrophages, mRNA was extracted and cytokine and activation marker expression measured using RT-qPCR. RESULTS: E. coli-laden LP macrophages were identified commonly in mucosal biopsies from CD patients (25/35, 71 %), rarely in UC (1/9, 11 %) and not at all in healthy controls (0/18). LP macrophage cytokine mRNA expression was greater in CD and UC than healthy controls. In CD, E. coli-laden macrophages expressed high IL-10 & CD163 and lower TNFα, IL-23 & iNOS irrespective of macroscopic inflammation. In inflamed tissue, E. coli-unladen macrophages expressed high TNFα, IL-23 & iNOS and lower IL-10 & CD163. In uninflamed tissue, unladen macrophages had low cytokine mRNA expression, closer to that of healthy controls. CONCLUSION: In CD, intra-macrophage E. coli are commonly found and LP macrophages express characteristic cytokine mRNA profiles according to E. coli carriage. Persistence of E. coli within LP macrophages may provide a stimulus for chronic inflammation.

Smoking in inflammatory bowel disease: impact on disease course and insights into the aetiology of its effect.

The chronic intestinal inflammation that characterises Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis arises from a complex interplay between host genotype, the immune system, and the intestinal microbiota. In addition, environmental factors such as smoking impact on disease onset and progression. Individuals who smoke are more likely to develop Crohn's disease, and smoking is associated with recurrence after surgery and a poor response to medical therapy. Conversely, smoking appears protective against ulcerative colitis and smokers are less likely to require colectomy. The mechanism by which smoking exerts its impact on disease and the rational for the dichotomous effect in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis is not clear. Recent evidence suggests that smoking induces alterations to both the innate and acquired immune system. In addition, smoking is associated with a distinct alteration in the intestinal microbiota both in patients with active Crohn's disease and healthy subjects.

High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND: The gut microbiota is thought to play a key role in the development of the inflammatory bowel diseases Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Shifts in the composition of resident bacteria have been postulated to drive the chronic inflammation seen in both diseases (the "dysbiosis" hypothesis). We therefore specifically sought to compare the mucosa-associated microbiota from both inflamed and non-inflamed sites of the colon in CD and UC patients to that from non-IBD controls and to detect disease-specific profiles. RESULTS: Paired mucosal biopsies of inflamed and non-inflamed intestinal tissue from 6 CD (n = 12) and 6 UC (n = 12) patients were compared to biopsies from 5 healthy controls (n = 5) by in-depth sequencing of over 10,000 near full-length bacterial 16S rRNA genes. The results indicate that mucosal microbial diversity is reduced in IBD, particularly in CD, and that the species composition is disturbed. Firmicutes were reduced in IBD samples and there were concurrent increases in Bacteroidetes, and in CD only, Enterobacteriaceae. There were also significant differences in microbial community structure between inflamed and non-inflamed mucosal sites. However, these differences varied greatly between individuals, meaning there was no obvious bacterial signature that was positively associated with the inflamed gut. CONCLUSIONS: These results may support the hypothesis that the overall dysbiosis observed in inflammatory bowel disease patients relative to non-IBD controls might to some extent be a result of the disturbed gut environment rather than the direct cause of disease. Nonetheless, the observed shifts in microbiota composition may be important factors in disease maintenance and severity.

The mechanisms and efficacy of probiotics in the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea.

The proportion and severity of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) is increasing in health-care settings. Antibiotics remain the most important risk factor for CDAD, due to their limiting the ability of the gastrointestinal flora to inhibit C difficile colonisation. Probiotics have therefore been investigated for primary and secondary prophylaxis against CDAD, with varying success. This Review looks at the current literature for in-vitro and clinical evidence for probiotic use in the prevention of CDAD. Its aim is to examine the mechanisms through which probiotics interact with C difficile and its toxin, and the association of these mechanisms with the clinical evidence for probiotics in the prevention of this disease. The Review briefly describes the recent epidemiological changes in C difficile disease, and our current understanding of its pathophysiology. It looks at the safety profile of probiotics, highlighting patients groups in which their use is inappropriate, and attempts to synthesise guidance for clinicians interested in using probiotics to prevent CDAD within health-care institutions.

Gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome: their role in its pathogenesis and treatment.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic disorder characterized by abdominal pain, change in bowel habit, and bloating. It has traditionally been viewed as a disorder of visceral hypersensitivity heavily influenced by stress, and therefore therapeutic strategies to date have largely reflected this. However, more recently, there is good evidence for a role of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota in its pathogenesis. Changes in fecal microbiota, the use of probiotics, the phenomenon of postinfectious IBS, and the recognition of an upregulated host immune system response suggest that an interaction between the host and GI microbiota may be important in the pathogenesis of IBS. This article explores the role of the GI microbiota in IBS and how their modification might lead to therapeutic benefit.

An overview of probiotics and prebiotics.

This article reviews the origins and background of probiotics. Evidence for the potential mechanisms of probiotics and prebiotics, and their interactions with the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system are discussed. Evidence is examined for the use of probiotics to treat infantile diarrhoea, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and atopic dermatitis.