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1.
Neurobiol Aging ; 54: 199-213, 2017 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28389085

ABSTRACT

Age-related decline in fluid cognition can be characterized as a disconnection among specific brain structures, leading to a decline in functional efficiency. The potential sources of disconnection, however, are unclear. We investigated imaging measures of cerebral white-matter integrity, resting-state functional connectivity, and white-matter hyperintensity volume as mediators of the relation between age and fluid cognition, in 145 healthy, community-dwelling adults 19-79 years of age. At a general level of analysis, with a single composite measure of fluid cognition and single measures of each of the 3 imaging modalities, age exhibited an independent influence on the cognitive and imaging measures, and the imaging variables did not mediate the age-cognition relation. At a more specific level of analysis, resting-state functional connectivity of sensorimotor networks was a significant mediator of the age-related decline in executive function. These findings suggest that different levels of analysis lead to different models of neurocognitive disconnection, and that resting-state functional connectivity, in particular, may contribute to age-related decline in executive function.


Subject(s)
Cognition/physiology , Cognitive Aging/physiology , Cognitive Aging/psychology , Executive Function/physiology , Rest/psychology , White Matter/diagnostic imaging , White Matter/physiopathology , Adult , Aged , Diffusion Tensor Imaging , Female , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Middle Aged , Sensorimotor Cortex/physiology
2.
Hum Brain Mapp ; 38(4): 2128-2149, 2017 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28052456

ABSTRACT

We conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with a visual search paradigm to test the hypothesis that aging is associated with increased frontoparietal involvement in both target detection and bottom-up attentional guidance (featural salience). Participants were 68 healthy adults, distributed continuously across 19 to 78 years of age. Frontoparietal regions of interest (ROIs) were defined from resting-state scans obtained prior to task-related fMRI. The search target was defined by a conjunction of color and orientation. Each display contained one item that was larger than the others (i.e., a size singleton) but was not informative regarding target identity. Analyses of search reaction time (RT) indicated that bottom-up attentional guidance from the size singleton (when coincident with the target) was relatively constant as a function of age. Frontoparietal fMRI activation related to target detection was constant as a function of age, as was the reduction in activation associated with salient targets. However, for individuals 35 years of age and older, engagement of the left frontal eye field (FEF) in bottom-up guidance was more prominent than for younger individuals. Further, the age-related differences in left FEF activation were a consequence of decreasing resting-state functional connectivity in visual sensory regions. These findings indicate that age-related compensatory effects may be expressed in the relation between activation and behavior, rather than in the magnitude of activation, and that relevant changes in the activation-RT relation may begin at a relatively early point in adulthood. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2128-2149, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Subject(s)
Aging , Attention/physiology , Frontal Lobe/physiology , Nerve Net/physiology , Parietal Lobe/physiology , Visual Pathways/physiology , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brain Mapping , Female , Frontal Lobe/diagnostic imaging , Humans , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Middle Aged , Nerve Net/diagnostic imaging , Oxygen/blood , Parietal Lobe/diagnostic imaging , Photic Stimulation , Reaction Time/physiology , Visual Pathways/diagnostic imaging , Visual Perception , Young Adult
3.
Neuroimage ; 102 Pt 2: 262-74, 2014 Nov 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25102420

ABSTRACT

Activation of frontal and parietal brain regions is associated with attentional control during visual search. We used fMRI to characterize age-related differences in frontoparietal activation in a highly efficient feature search task, detection of a shape singleton. On half of the trials, a salient distractor (a color singleton) was present in the display. The hypothesis was that frontoparietal activation mediated the relation between age and attentional capture by the salient distractor. Participants were healthy, community-dwelling individuals, 21 younger adults (19-29 years of age) and 21 older adults (60-87 years of age). Top-down attention, in the form of target predictability, was associated with an improvement in search performance that was comparable for younger and older adults. The increase in search reaction time (RT) associated with the salient distractor (attentional capture), standardized to correct for generalized age-related slowing, was greater for older adults than for younger adults. On trials with a color singleton distractor, search RT increased as a function of increasing activation in frontal regions, for both age groups combined, suggesting increased task difficulty. Mediational analyses disconfirmed the hypothesized model, in which frontal activation mediated the age-related increase in attentional capture, but supported an alternative model in which age was a mediator of the relation between frontal activation and capture.


Subject(s)
Attention/physiology , Frontal Lobe/physiology , Parietal Lobe/physiology , Visual Perception/physiology , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brain Mapping , Female , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Middle Aged , Photic Stimulation , Reaction Time , Young Adult
4.
Psychon Bull Rev ; 21(6): 1501-8, 2014 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24696390

ABSTRACT

Efficient processing of the visual world requires that distracting items be avoided, or at least rapidly disengaged from. The mechanisms by which highly salient, yet irrelevant, stimuli lead to distraction, however, are not well understood. Here, we utilized a particularly strong type of distractor--images of human faces--to investigate the mechanisms of distraction and the involuntarily biasing of attention. Across three experiments using a novel discrimination task, we provided new evidence that the robust distraction triggered by faces may not reflect enhanced attraction but, instead, may reflect an extended holding of attention. Specifically, the onset of a task-irrelevant distractor initially impaired target performance regardless of the identity of that distractor (fearful faces, neutral faces, or places). In contrast, an extended period of distraction was observed only when the distractor was a face. Our results thus demonstrate two distinct mechanisms contributing to distraction: an initial involuntary capture to any sudden event and a subsequent holding of attention to a potentially meaningful, yet task-irrelevant stimulus-in this case, a human face. Critically, the latter holding of attention by faces was not unique to fearful faces but also occurred for neutral faces. The present results dissociate attentional capture from hold in another way as well, since the capture occurred regardless of the nature of the distractors, but the extended holding of attention was dependent upon the ongoing distractor context.


Subject(s)
Attention/physiology , Facial Expression , Facial Recognition/physiology , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Adolescent , Adult , Fear/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult
5.
Brain Connect ; 3(4): 317-38, 2013.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23597177

ABSTRACT

Emerging hypotheses suggest that efficient cognitive functioning requires the integration of separate, but interconnected cortical networks in the brain. Although task-related measures of brain activity suggest that a frontoparietal network is associated with the control of attention, little is known regarding how components within this distributed network act together or with other networks to achieve various attentional functions. This review considers both functional and structural studies of brain connectivity, as complemented by behavioral and task-related neuroimaging data. These studies show converging results: The frontal and parietal cortical regions are active together, over time, and identifiable frontoparietal networks are active in relation to specific task demands. However, the spontaneous, low-frequency fluctuations of brain activity that occur in the resting state, without specific task demands, also exhibit patterns of connectivity that closely resemble the task-related, frontoparietal attention networks. Both task-related and resting-state networks exhibit consistent relations to behavioral measures of attention. Further, anatomical structure, particularly white matter pathways as defined by diffusion tensor imaging, places constraints on intrinsic functional connectivity. Lastly, connectivity analyses applied to investigate cognitive differences across individuals in both healthy and diseased states suggest that disconnection of attentional networks is linked to deficits in cognitive functioning, and in extreme cases, to disorders of attention. Thus, comprehensive theories of visual attention and their clinical translation depend on the continued integration of behavioral, task-related neuroimaging, and brain connectivity measures.


Subject(s)
Attention/physiology , Brain Mapping/methods , Brain/physiology , Cognition/physiology , Visual Perception/physiology , Age Factors , Brain/growth & development , Brain/physiopathology , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Diffusion Tensor Imaging , Executive Function/physiology , Frontal Lobe/physiology , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Memory, Short-Term/physiology , Nerve Net/physiology , Neurodegenerative Diseases/physiopathology , Neuropsychological Tests , Parietal Lobe/physiology , Positron-Emission Tomography
6.
Psychophysiology ; 47(4): 739-47, 2010 Jul 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20149137

ABSTRACT

Neuroimaging studies have provided evidence that a bilateral frontal-parietal network is involved in voluntary attentional control. However, because those studies used instructive cue stimuli, some of the activity may have been due to interactions between cue processing and voluntary orienting. Here, we show that self-initiated voluntary orienting, in the absence of any cue stimulus, evokes activity in this frontal-parietal network. In contrast to the typical symmetric activity observed with cued attentional shifts, self-initiated shifts showed a hemispheric asymmetry consistent with studies of unilateral neglect patients. Specifically, the right hemisphere was equally involved in orienting to either visual field, whereas the left hemisphere was biased toward the contralateral field. Our data show that the asymmetry of attentional control can be revealed in neuroimaging of healthy subjects, when voluntary orienting is effectively isolated.


Subject(s)
Attention/physiology , Adolescent , Adult , Cues , Female , Frontal Lobe/physiology , Functional Laterality/physiology , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Neural Pathways/physiology , Orientation/physiology , Parietal Lobe/physiology , Visual Fields/physiology , Visual Perception/physiology , Young Adult
7.
Psychon Bull Rev ; 15(6): 1128-34, 2008 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19001579

ABSTRACT

The allocation of attention, including the initial orienting and the subsequent dwell time, is affected by several bottom-up and top-down factors. How item memory affects these processes, however, remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether item memory affects attentional dwell time by using a modified version of the attentional blink (AB) paradigm. Across four experiments, our results revealed that the AB was significantly affected by memory status (novel vs. old), but critically, this effect depended on the ongoing memory context. Specifically, items that were unique in terms of memory status demanded more resources, as measured by a protracted AB. The present findings suggest that a more comprehensive understanding of memory's effects on attention can be obtained by accounting for an item's memorial context, as well as its individual item memory strength. Our results provide new evidence that item memory and memory context play a significant role in the temporal allocation of attention.


Subject(s)
Attentional Blink , Color Perception , Mental Recall , Pattern Recognition, Visual , Adolescent , Discrimination Learning , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult
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