ABSTRACT
During pregnancy, prolactin (PRL) is a neuro-immuno-cytokine that contributes actively to the crosstalk between the immune and endocrine systems and, thus, to the creation of an immune-privileged milieu. This work aims to analyze the capacity of PRL to modulate the synthesis and secretion of pro-inflammatory markers associated with labor. Studies were conducted using human fetal membranes at term mounted in a model of two independent chambers. The choriodecidual region was stimulated with 500-ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the amnion and choriodecidual region were co-simulated with different concentrations of PRL that can arise during pregnancy: 250, 500, 1000, and 4000ng/mL. Following these co-treatments, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and IL-10 levels were measured in both compartments. As expected, treatment with LPS induced all cytokines to increase. Co-stimulation with the highest tested concentration of PRL induced significant decreases in TNF-α in the choriodecidual region and IL-1ß in both regions of the fetal membranes. PRL did not modified the IL-6 and IL-10 secretion profile. These findings, coupled with clinical evidence, suggest that the high level of PRL in the amniotic cavity is involved the mechanism by which the fetal-placental unit regulates the equilibrium between pro- and anti-inflammatory modulators.
Subject(s)
Amnion/immunology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/metabolism , Decidua/immunology , Prolactin/metabolism , Cells, Cultured , Female , Humans , Immunomodulation , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Interleukin-10/metabolism , Lipopolysaccharides/immunology , Neuroimmunomodulation , Organ Culture Techniques , Placental Circulation , PregnancyABSTRACT
La diabetes mellitus se ha clasificado en cuatro tipos: 1.- diabetes tipo I, requiere de insulina exógena para su tratamiento; es decir, este tipo es dependiente de la insulina; por lo general se presenta antes de los 15 años; quienes la presentan, con gran frecuencia no son personas obesas; 2.- diabetes tipo II, no depende de insulina y se presenta con mayor frecuencia después de los cuarenta años de edad, puede cursar asintomática y descubrirse en forma casual o después de algún estrés importante; el 80 porciento de las personas diabéticas de este tipo son obesas; 3.- diabetes secundaria; 4.- diabetes gestacional. Apartados del trabajo: 1) Diabetes mellitus: tipo I y II. 2) Cambios metabólicos. 3) Diagnóstico. 4) Tratamiento nutricio: energía, hidratos de carbono, fibra, proteínas, lípidos, vitaminas y nutrimentos inorgánicos, sodio, alcohol, edulcolorantes, sustitutos de lípidos, productos industrializados para diabéticos. 5) Orientación alimentaria. Mitos. 6) Estrategias nutricias: diabetes tipo I; diabetes tipo II (alimentación, ejercicio, factores de riesgo, complicaciones a largo plazo, ateroesclerosis, enfermedades vasculares periféricas, padecimientos a nivel microvascular, neuropatía y nefropatía, infecciones). 7) Hipoglucemia funcional
