Colecistectomía como factor de riesgo para reflujo duodenogástrico

El reflujo biliar o reflujo duodenogástrico (RDG) es el flujo retrógrado del contenido duodenal (principalmente bilis) hacia el estómago, capaz de producir daño químico a la mucosa y desencadenar mutaciones hacia el desarrollo de metaplasia intestinal, displasia e incluso, cáncer gástrico. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia del reflujo biliar primario en pacientes colecistectomizados e identificar si la colecistectomía es un factor de riesgo para el RDG. Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal analítico, en el que fueron incluidos todos los pacientes que se realizaron endoscopía digestiva alta entre febrero y junio del 2023, en un centro endoscópico privado en la ciudad de Lima, Perú. De acuerdo al reporte endoscópico, los pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos: con RDG y sin RDG. Se analizaron estadísticamente las características demográficas, el antecedente de colecistectomía y los hallazgos endoscópicos. Fueron incluidos 408 pacientes. La edad media de la población fue 48,18 ± 16,82años; el 61,52% fueron mujeres. La prevalencia de RDG fue de 25,74% en la población y de 52,11% en pacientes colecistectomizados. La prevalencia de RDG en pacientes colecistectomizados fue 2,58 veces en comparación a los pacientes sin colecistectomía (p< 0,001). La edad ≥50 años también se comportó como factor de riesgo para RDG (p=0,025). No hubo diferencias significativas respecto a diabetes, infección por Helicobacter pylori ni consumo de tabaco. En conclusión, el antecedente de colecistectomía y la edad demostraron ser factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de RDG primario.

Bile reflux or duodenogastric reflux (DGR), refers to the retrograde flow of duodenal contents (mainly bile) into the stomach; capable of producing chemical damage to the mucosa, and triggering mutations towards the development of intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and even gastric cancer. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of primary bile reflux in cholecystectomized patients and to identify whether cholecystectomy is a risk factor for development of DGR. An analytical cross-sectional and observational study was conducted, in which all patients who underwent upper digestive endoscopy from February to June 2023 in a private endoscopic center in Lima, Peru, were included. According to the endoscopic report, patients were divided into two groups as those with DGR and those without DGR. Demographic characteristics, history of cholecystectomy, and endoscopic findings were statistically analyzed. 408 patients were included. The mean age of the population was 48.18 ± 16.82 years; 61.52% were female. The prevalence of DGR was 25.74% in the population, while in cholecystectomized patients it was 52.11%. The prevalence of DRG in patients with a history of cholecystectomy was 2.58 times compared to patients without cholecystectomy (p<0.001). Age ≥50 years also behaved as a risk factor for RDG (p=0.025). No significant difference in diabetes, Helicobacter pylori infection or smoking were found. In conclusion, a history of cholecystectomy as well as age were found to be risk factors for development of primary DGR.

[Endoscopic interventions to improve serrated lesions detection rate during colonoscopy]. / Intervenciones endoscópicas para mejorar la tasa de detección de lesiones serradas durante la colonoscopia.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of cancer mortality in the world. Serrated lesions are responsible for 10 to 20% of all CRCs. Serrated polyps, particularly sessile serrated adenomas (SSA) and traditional serrated adenomas (TSA), have a subtle appearance and proximal location, and therefore have a high miss rate. The objective of this review was to evaluate the available evidence on the use of various endoscopic interventions for improving serrated lesion detection rate, thus reducing CRC related mortality.

Intervenciones endoscópicas para mejorar la tasa de detección de lesiones serradas durante la colonoscopia

El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es una de las causas más frecuentes de mortalidad por cáncer en el mundo. Las lesiones serradas son responsables de 10 a 20% de todos los CCR. Los pólipos serrados, en particular los adenomas serrados sésiles (ASS) y adenomas serrados tradicionales (AST), tienen una apariencia sutil y localización proximal, y por ello presentan una alta tasa de lesiones perdidas. El objetivo de la presente revisión fue evaluar la evidencia disponible sobre el uso de diversas intervenciones endoscópicas para mejorar la tasa de detección de las lesiones serradas, para de esta forma, disminuir la mortalidad relacionada al CCR.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of cancer mortality in the world. Serrated lesions are responsible for 10 to 20% of all CRCs. Serrated polyps, particularly sessile serrated adenomas (SSA) and traditional serrated adenomas (TSA), have a subtle appearance and proximal location, and therefore have a high miss rate. The objective of this review was to evaluate the available evidence on the use of various endoscopic interventions for improving serrated lesion detection rate, thus reducing CRC related mortality.

[Cholecystectomy as a risk factor for duodenogastric reflux]. / Colecistectomía como factor de riesgo para reflujo duodenogástrico.

Bile reflux or duodenogastric reflux (DGR), refers to the retrograde flow of duodenal contents (mainly bile) into the stomach; capable of producing chemical damage to the mucosa, and triggering mutations towards the development of intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and even gastric cancer. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of primary bile reflux in cholecystectomized patients and to identify whether cholecystectomy is a risk factor for development of DGR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional and observational study was conducted, in which all patients who underwent upper digestive endoscopy from February to June 2023 in a private endoscopic center in Lima, Peru, were included. According to the endoscopic report, patients were divided into two groups as those with DGR and those without DGR. Demographic characteristics, history of cholecystectomy, and endoscopic findings were statistically analyzed. 408 patients were included. RESULTS: The mean age of the population was 48.18 ± 16.82 years; 61.52% were female. The prevalence of DGR was 25.74% in the population, while in cholecystectomized patients it was 52.11%. The prevalence of DRG in patients with a history of cholecystectomy was 2.58 times compared to patients without cholecystectomy (p<0.001). Age ≥50 years also behaved as a risk factor for RDG (p=0.025). No significant difference in diabetes, Helicobacter pylori infection or smoking were found. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, a history of cholecystectomy as well as age were found to be risk factors for development of primary DGR.

Asociación entre el tipo de papila duodenal mayor y canulación biliar difícil en centro terciario privado / Association between the type of major duodenal papilla and difficult biliary cannulation in a private tertiary center

RESUMEN Introducción : La canulación difícil en casos de colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) podría asociarse a diversos factores incluyendo el tipo de papila mayor, sin embargo, existen datos limitados con respecto a esta posible asociación. Objetivos : Determinar la asociación entre el tipo de papila y la canulación biliar difícil. Materiales y métodos : Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo transversal analítico en pacientes mayores de 18 años en quienes se realizó CPRE en papila virgen, de julio 2019 a abril 2021, en una institución privada. Se excluyeron las canulaciones frustras. La papila fue clasificada en base a la clasificación de Haraldsson. Se evaluó la asociación cruda y ajustada a posibles confusores entre el tipo de papila y canulación difícil. Se calcularon los riesgos relativo (RR) e intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados : Se incluyeron 188 pacientes. La edad media fue 55 años, el 66% de sexo femenino. La indicación más frecuente fue coledocolitiasis con 88,5%. El tipo de papila duodenal mayor más frecuente fue el tipo 1 (32%), seguido de tipo 3 (27%), tipo 2 (25%) y tipo 4 (16%). Las papilas tipo 2, 3, 4 presentaron una relación significativa con canulación difícil comparadas con la tipo 1 (p<0,001, p<0,001 y p=0,008 respectivamente). La indicación diferente a coledocolitiasis también mostró una relación significativa con canulación difícil (p<0,001). En el análisis ajustado, El RR para canulación difícil en comparación con la papila tipo 1 fue: de 2,51 (IC 95% 1,23-5,94) para la papila tipo 2, 3,72 (IC 95% 1,79-7,71) para la papila tipo 3 y 3,41 (IC 95% 1,54-7,71) para la tipo 4. La indicación distinta a la coledocolitiasis también se asoció a un mayor riesgo de canulación difícil con un RR de 2.36 (IC95% 1,57-3,56). El precorte tipo fistulotomía fue usado con mayor frecuencia en la papila tipo 3 (46%) mientras que el uso de canulótomo fue más frecuente en la papila tipo 4 (29,6%). Conclusiones : Los tipos de papila 2, 3 y 4, están asociados a mayor riesgo de canulación difícil. Ello debe ser considerado al momento de realizar la CPRE a fin de reducir el riesgo de complicaciones.

ABSTRACT Introduction : Difficult cannulation in cases of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) could be associated with several factors, including: type of major papilla, however, there are limited data regarding this possible association. Objectives : To determine the association between the type of papilla and difficult biliary cannulation. Materials and methods : A retrospective cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in patients over 18 years old who underwent ERCP on papilla naive, from July 2019 to April 2021, in a private institution. Unsuccessful cannulations were excluded. The papilla was classified based on Haraldsson classification. The crude association and adjusted for possible confounders between the type of papilla and difficult cannulation was evaluated. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results : 188 patients were included. The mean age was 55 years, 66% female. The most frequent indication was choledocholithiasis with 88.5%. The most frequent type of major duodenal papilla was type 1 (32%), followed by type 3 (27%), type 2 (25%) and type 4 (16%). Type 2, 3, 4 papillae showed a significant relationship with difficult cannulation compared to type 1 (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p=0.008 respectively). The indication other than choledocholithiasis also showed a significant relationship with difficult cannulation (p<0.001). In the adjusted analysis, the RR for difficult cannulation compared to type 1 papilla was: 2.51 (95% CI 1.23-5.94) for type 2 papilla, 3.72 (95% CI 1.79-7.71) for papilla type 3 and 3.41 (95% CI 1.54-7.71) for type 4. The indication other than choledocholithiasis was also associated with a higher risk of difficult cannulation with a RR of 2.36 (95% CI 1.57-3.56). The fistulotomy type precut was used more frequently in the type 3 papilla (46%), while the use of cannula was more frequent in the type 4 papilla (29.6%). Conclusions : Papilla types 2, 3 and 4 are associated with a higher risk of difficult cannulation. This should be considered when performing ERCP in order to reduce the risk of complications.

[Association between the type of major duodenal papilla and difficult biliary cannulation in a private tertiary center]. / Asociación entre el tipo de papila duodenal mayor y canulación biliar difícil en centro terciario privado.

INTRODUCTION: Difficult cannulation in cases of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) could be associated with several factors, including: type of major papilla, however, there are limited data regarding this possible association. OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between the type of papilla and difficult biliary cannulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in patients over 18 years old who underwent ERCP on papilla naive, from July 2019 to April 2021, in a private institution. Unsuccessful cannulations were excluded. The papilla was classified based on Haraldsson classification. The crude association and adjusted for possible confounders between the type of papilla and difficult cannulation was evaluated. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: 188 patients were included. The mean age was 55 years, 66% female. The most frequent indication was choledocholithiasis with 88.5%. The most frequent type of major duodenal papilla was type 1 (32%), followed by type 3 (27%), type 2 (25%) and type 4 (16%). Type 2, 3, 4 papillae showed a significant relationship with difficult cannulation compared to type 1 (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p=0.008 respectively). The indication other than choledocholithiasis also showed a significant relationship with difficult cannulation (p<0.001). In the adjusted analysis, the RR for difficult cannulation compared to type 1 papilla was: 2.51 (95% CI 1.23-5.94) for type 2 papilla, 3.72 (95% CI 1.79-7.71) for papilla type 3 and 3.41 (95% CI 1.54-7.71) for type 4. Theindication other than choledocholithiasis was also associated with a higher risk of difficult cannulation with a RR of 2.36 (95% CI 1.57-3.56). The fistulotomy type precut was used more frequently in the type 3 papilla (46%), while the use of cannula was more frequent in the type 4 papilla (29.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Papilla types 2, 3 and 4 are associated with a higher risk of difficult cannulation. This should be considered when performing ERCP in order to reduce the risk of complications.

[Factors related to a suboptimal bowel preparation for colonoscopy]. / Factores relacionados a una subóptima preparación intestinal para la colonoscopía.

INTRODUCTION: Colonoscopy is the standard method for the evaluation of the colon. A suitable intestinal cleaning is critical for the effectiveness and security of the procedure, but unfortunately there is a high proportion of suboptimal bowel preparation. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors related to suboptimal bowel preparation. METHODS: We performed an analytic, observational, cross-sectional and prospective study. We included all outpatients scheduled for colonoscopy in the Peruvian-Japanese Health Center between January and July 2012. We excluded patients with a complete or partial colonic resection. In patients with two or more colonoscopies during the study interval, only the first procedure was considered. Aronchick scale was used in assessment of bowel cleaning. The variables studied with relationship to bowel preparation were: age, sex, grade ofeducation, body mass index, time of examination, history (diabetes mellitus, stroke, cirrhosis, use of antidepressants/anxiolytics, number of bowel movements per week, abdominal surgery, personal history of previous colonoscopy, polyps and colon cancer, family history of colon cancer), received purgative, additional laxative, indication for colonoscopy and adverse effects of the preparation. Statistical analysis was made with SPSS v.160. For the categorical variables we used chi square test or Fisher exact test, whereas for continuous variables the Mann Whitney test was used. The variables significantly associated with suboptimal preparation in the univariated analysis were included in a multivariate analysis using logistic regression. RESULTS: We included 841 patients. The bowel preparation was suboptimal in 438 patients (52.1%). The univariate analysis showed that the factors related to suboptimal preparation were age (P = 0.023) and body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 (P = 0.021). The multivariate analysis confirmed that age ≥ 70 years old (P = 0.001) and body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 (P = 0.010) were the variables related to suboptimal bowel preparation. CONCLUSIONS: Age greater than 70 years old and obesity are factors related to suboptimal bowel preparation.

Factores relacionados a resangrado y mortalidad en pacientes cirróticos con hemorragia variceal aguda en el Hospital Hipólito Unanue, Lima, Perú / Related factors to re-bleeding and mortality in cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding at Hipolito Unanue Hospital, Lima, Peru

Determinar los factores relacionados con resangrado dentro de los 5 días y mortalidad dentro de las 6 semanas de un episodio de hemorragia variceal en los pacientes cirróticos. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, correlacional, retrospectivo. Fueron incluidos en el estudio los pacientes cirróticos que ingresaron al Hospital Hipólito Unanue, en Lima, Perú, entre enero del 2006 y febrero del 2012 con sospecha de hemorragia variceal. Fueron excluidos pacientes con sangrado de origen no variceal, o que no tenían los datos en la historia clínica para calcular el puntaje de Child Pugh, el Modelo para enfermedades terminales del hígado (MELD), o el informe endoscópico detallando la fuente de sangrado y la presencia de várices esofágicas y/o gástricas. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 63 pacientes, de los cuales 35 (55,6%) eran varones. La mediana de edad fue de 64 años. 26 de ellos (41,3%) eran Child Pugh C, en tanto que la mediana del puntaje MELD fue 9. El análisis multivariado encontró que el puntaje Child Pugh se relacionó con mortalidad dentro de las 6 semanas (p=0,003), mientras que la presencia de sangrado activo durante la endoscopía (p=0,012) y el valor de creatinina (p=0,012) se relacionaron con resangrado dentro de los 5 días. Conclusiones: El puntaje Child Pugh se relacionó con el riesgo de mortalidad dentro de las 6 semanas en pacientes cirróticos con hemorragia variceal. El sangrado activo durante la endoscopía y el valor de creatinina se relacionaron con el riesgo de resangrado dentro de los 5 días...

To determine related factors to 5 days re-bleeding and 6 week-mortality of an episode of variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. Material and methods: Observational, descriptive, co relational, retrospective study. In this study were included the cirrhotic patients who entered to Hipolito Unanue Hospital, Lima, Peru, between January 2006 and February 2012 with suspicion of variceal bleeding. Were excluded patients who bled from nonvariceal origin, or that did not have the data in clinical history to calculate the Child Pugh score, the Model for terminal diseases of the liver (MELD), or the endoscopic report detailing the bleeding source and the presence of esophageal and/or gastric varices. Results: We include 63 patients, 35 (55.6%) were men. The median of age was of 64 years. 26 of them (41.3%) were Child Pugh C, where as the median of MELD score was 9. The multivariate analysis found that the Child Pugh score was related to 6 weeks-mortality (p=0,003), where as the presence of active bleeding during endoscopy (p=0.012) and the value of creatinine (p=0.012) were related to 5 days re-bleeding. Conclusions: The Child Pugh score was related to 6 weeks-mortality in cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding. Active bleeding during endoscopy and the value of creatinine were related to 5 days re-bleeding...

[Related factors to re-bleeding and mortality in cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding at Hipolito Unanue Hospital, Lima, Peru]. / Factores relacionados a resangrado y mortalidad en pacientes cirróticos con hemorragia variceal aguda en el Hospital Hipólito Unanue,Lima, Perú

OBJECTIVES: To determine related factors to 5 days re-bleeding and 6 week-mortality of an episode of variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, descriptive, co relational, retrospective study. In this study were included the cirrhotic patients who entered to Hipolito Unanue Hospital, Lima, Peru, between January 2006 and February 2012 with suspicion of variceal bleeding. Were excluded patients who bled from nonvariceal origin, or that did not have the data in clinical history to calculate the Child Pugh score, the Model for terminal diseases of the liver (MELD), or the endoscopic report detailing the bleeding source and the presence of esophageal and/or gastric varices. RESULTS: We include 63 patients, 35 (55.6%) were men. The median of age was of 64 years. 26 of them (41.3%) were Child Pugh C, where as the median of MELD score was 9. The multivariate analysis found that the Child Pugh score was related to 6 weeks-mortality (p=0,003), where as the presence of active bleeding during endoscopy (p=0.012) and the value of creatinine (p=0.012) were related to 5 days re-bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: The Child Pugh score was related to 6 weeks-mortality in cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding. Active bleeding during endoscopy and the value of creatinine were related to 5 days re-bleeding.

Factores relacionados con la producción científica de los médicos gastroenterólogos en Lima, Perú: periodo 2001-2006 / Factors related to the scientific production of the medical gastroenterologists in Lima, Peru: period 2001-2006

INTRODUCCIÓN: La investigación biomédica en el Perú es limitada. Entre los factores implicados en este problema tenemos el reducido gasto per-cápita en investigación, los esfuerzos dispersos y la escasa comunicación entre la investigación y las actividades sociales y productivas. OBJETIVOS: Determinar los factores personales, laborales y académicos relacionados con la producción científica de los médicos gastroenterólogos que laboran en la provincia de Lima. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio correlacional, observacional, comparativo, transversal y retrospectivo que se realizó entre marzo de 2007 y abril de 2008. Se elaboró un cuestionario conteniendo las variables de investigación, el cual previamente fue sometido a juicio de expertos y a una prueba piloto, para posteriormente ser aplicado auto administrado a los gastroenterólogos. Usando análisis bivariado y multivariado, se identificaron los factores relacionados con la producción científica. RESULTADOS: 58 gastroenterólogos encuestados (32,4 por ciento) tenían "producción científica". El análisis bivariado encontró como factores relacionado con la producción científica: carga docente, tipo de búsqueda bibliográfica, grado de comprensión de un artículo original, facilidades para la investigación en la institución laboral, suscripción a revista científica, pertenecer a sociedad médica y el número de empleos. El análisis multivariado encontró a los factores antes mencionados excepto docencia y suscripción a revista científica. CONCLUSIONES: Un tercio de los gastroenterólogos encuestados (32,4 por ciento) desarrolló actividad científica, y de acuerdo al análisis multivariado los factores relacionados fueron: personales: pertenecer a sociedad científica; laborales: facilidades para la investigación en el centro laboral y número de empleos; y académicos: tipo de búsqueda bibliográfica y grado de comprensión de un artículo original.

Linfoma de no Hodgkin primaria de bazo / Non-Hodgkin lymphoma primary spleen

Presentamos la historia clínica de una paciente de 70 años, con dolor abdominal crónico (más de 12 meses), náusea, vómitos y baja de peso. En el examen abdominal no se detectaron alteraciones significativas. La ecografía abdominal y la TAC abdominal mostraron una imagen quística de 170x121mm que aparentó ser dependiente de cuerpo y cola de páncreas. En la intervención quirúrgica se encontró una tumoración –con extensa necrosis– que englobaba en su totalidad al bazo, y se extendía de manera infiltrante al estómago (cuerpo y fondo) y páncreas. El estudio histológico e inmunohistoquímico indicó la presencia de una Linfoma no Hodkin tipo B primario de bazo (difuso de células grandes). La evolución post-quirúrgica y oncológica fue satisfactoria.

We present the clinical history of a 70-year-old woman, with chronic abdominal pain (most of 12 month), nausea, vomiting and low weight. In the abdominal examination not did detect significant alteration. The abdominal ultrasound and TAC scanning did show a cystic imagen of 170 x 121 mm that did apparent to be dependent of body and tail of pancreas. In the surgical intervention was encountered a tumoration – with necrosis wide – that wrap up in their overall at spleen, and was extend of infiltrant hand at stomach (body and fundus) and spleen. The histologic and inmunohistoquimic studies did indicate the presence of a primary splenic type B non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (diffuse of large cell). The post-surgical and oncologic evolution was satisfactory.