Pancytopenia in a Case of Aplastic Anaemia/Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria Unmasked by SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Case Report.

During an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, a diagnosis of Aplastic Anaemia associated with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria (AA/PNH) was made in a 78-year-old woman who had presented to the emergency department with severe pancytopenia. It is possible that she had subclinical AA/PNH that was unmasked during the acute COVID-19 infection, but we can also suspect a direct role of the virus in the pathogenesis of the disease, or we can hypothesize that COVID-19 infection changed the phosphatidylinositol glycan class A (PIGA) gene pathway.

Haematological Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism and Vascular Health.

Many drugs affect lipid metabolism and have side effects which promote atherosclerosis. The prevalence of cancer-therapy-related cardiovascular (CV) disease is increasing due to development of new drugs and improved survival of patients: cardio-oncology is a new field of interest and research. Moreover, drugs used in transplanted patients frequently have metabolic implications. Increasingly, internists, lipidologists, and angiologists are being consulted by haematologists for side effects on metabolism (especially lipid metabolism) and arterial circulation caused by drugs used in haematology. The purpose of this article is to review the main drugs used in haematology with side effects on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, detailing their mechanisms of action and suggesting the most effective therapies.

Dynamics and management of oral anticoagulant treatment in chronic hepatitis C patients undergoing therapy with direct antiviral agents.

Current regimens of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA) are effective and safe for chronic hepatitis C (CHC). However, DAA often interfere with concomitant medications. We treated seven CHC patients with DAA who were on chronic anticoagulant treatment with warfarin, and describe the dynamics of prothrombin time, providing novel data, useful for the clinician.

Liver histopathological findings in advanced heart failure: a reappraisal of cardiac cirrhosis concept.

Cardiogenic liver disease is a common yet poorly characterized complication of advanced heart failure (HF), and may impact clinical management in the setting of heart transplant evaluation. In this retrospective study, we describe clinical and histopathological features of liver injury in advanced HF, with a focus on the role of liver biopsy. Included were 45 HF patients, assessed for possible heart transplant, who underwent liver biopsy for suspected liver disease. Median duration of HF symptoms was 5 years. Most patients had stiff hepatomegaly and elevated bilirubin. Viral hepatitis (19 patients, 42.2%) was the most common cause of prior known liver disease. Sinusoidal dilatation was detected in the majority of patients (64.4%). Median necroinflammatory index was 3 and median fibrosis was 1, consistent with a small burden of histologically proven liver disease. Viral hepatitis was the only variable associated with a higher grade of necroinflammation and fibrosis. Nine of the 14 (64.3%) advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis patients had a viral hepatitis infection. Fibrosis was significantly associated with splenomegaly. The MELD score was not correlated with cardiac index. A coarse liver echo-pattern had a 29% positive and 63% negative predictive value for advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis. Severe liver disease is uncommon in patients with advanced HF in the absence of splenomegaly or primary causes of liver disease. Ultrasound data need to be carefully evaluated, as it may overstate the severity of liver disease. Liver biopsy may be needed to accurately stage liver disease before excluding patients from advanced treatment strategies.

Can we go for a shorter treatment course in chronic hepatitis C? More inspiring cases.

Current interest in HCV therapy with direct acting antivirals is focused on shortening treatment length. We managed two cirrhotics who achieved virological cure after 4 weeks of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir, dasabuvir, ribavirin treatment. Analysis to identify potential predictive factors for a successful outcome with a shorter treatment course was conducted.

Hepatitis B virus reactivation after heart transplant: Incidence and clinical impact.

BACKGROUND: Occult hepatitis B infection consists of persistence of HBV genomes in hepatocytes,absence of serum HBsAg, low/undetectable serum HBVDNA. Reactivation of HBV infection may occur during immunosuppression, but few data are available in heart transplant. OBJECTIVES: We followed-up heart recipients with or without markers of previous HBV infection,evaluating prevalence of HBV markers, incidence of HBV reactivation and its virological and clinical features. STUDY DESIGN: Heart failure patients listed for heart transplant (2007-2013) were screened for current or past HBV infection. Transplanted patients with past HBV infection (anti-HBc+/±anti-HBs+/HBVDNA-) were followed up as cases, and an equal number of HBV negative patients as controls. Virological reactivation was detected by standard real-time and home-made highly sensitive PCR (surface/core HBVDNA regions). Clinical status and progression were assessed by liver histology, ultrasound or elastography. RESULTS: 67 patients underwent heart transplant, including 4 (5.9%) HBsAg+ subjects. Cases were 11/67 (16.4%). During a median follow-up of 30 months, only one of these 11 patients presented viral reactivation (HBVDNA 209IU/mL) at month 22, and started antiviral treatment. Four other recipients showed virological events of uncertain significance (sensitive PCR-only intermittently positive). Clinical signs of liver disease were observed in only one case at the last follow-up. A nonsignificant difference in survival was observed between cases and all other heart recipients without prior HBV contact (death rate 5/11 vs 15/52, respectively; p=0.097). CONCLUSIONS: HBV genotypic reactivation in HBsAg-/anti-HBc+/HBVDNA- heart recipients is uncommon. Virological events of uncertain significance occur more frequently; their clinical impact seems to be negligible.

Electrophysiological Adverse Effects of Direct Acting Antivirals in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C.

Recently, several cases of symptomatic, sometimes fatal bradycardia during the first days of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) (eg, sofosbuvir [SOF]) administration have been reported. We analyzed in detail electrocardiographic (ECG) changes during SOF- or non-SOF-based chronic hepatitis C (CHC) treatment, specifically focusing on bradyarrhythmias. All 39 consecutive patients treated at our center with any interferon-free regimen between June and December 2015 were included in this study (26 SOF-based therapy vs 13 no-SOF interferon-free regimens). ECG tracings were obtained from all patients the first day of treatment and after 7, 14, and 28 days. ECG parameters (P-wave, QRS, QT interval, JT interval, Tapex -Tend interval duration) were compared between the 2 groups at baseline and at the 3 different time points during antiviral therapy. There were no cases of symptomatic bradycardia/syncope. In the SOF group, QTc duration rose after 1 week (from 424.3 to 431.2 milliseconds; P = .013) and returned to baseline during therapy. QT dispersion dropped since week 1 (from 85.6 to 67.2 milliseconds) and remained significantly reduced until the end of the observation period (72.9 msec) (P = .003). JT dispersion reduced up to week 2 (P = .010) and returned to baseline at week 4; in the no-SOF group, QRS dispersion transiently reduced (from 41 to 34.5 milliseconds, day 7). No other significant changes were observed in the remaining parameters. In CHC patients treated with SOF and other DAAs, ECG parameter changes were mild and/or transient and did not translate into clinically significant electrophysiological effects in the absence of amiodarone coadministration.

Viability of pegIFNα-RBV for CHC in the direct acting antiviral era: a practical algorithm between efficacy and cost containment.

The classical pegylated interferon α (peg-IFNα) and ribavirin (RBV) treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is progressively being replaced by new direct acting antivirals, whose costs remain a major barrier to widespread use. Using baseline data and viral kinetics, we developed a predictive algorithm to allocate to DAA patients who are not going to respond to peg-IFNα/RBV. This prospective study evaluated 205 CHC patients treated with peg-IFNα/RBV. HCVRNA kinetics during the initial 3 days of therapy and baseline variables including age, genotype, fibrosis and ALTs were used to construct a prediction rule in terms of sustained virological response (SVR). One hundred and twenty-one patients achieved an SVR (59%). Variables independently associated with SVR were HCVRNA, ALT, glycaemia, viral genotype, and fibrosis. The decline of viremia from baseline to 48/72 h was significantly different in SVR compared to non-SVR patients (2.2 vs. 0.65 log10 IU/mL; p < 0.001), and was influenced by viral genotype, levels of ALT, stage of fibrosis and IL28B polymorphism. In genotype 1, HCVRNA decline <0.8 logs had a negative predictive value of 90%, and in genotype 2, HCVRNA decline >1.2 logs had a positive predictive value of 92%. A combination of HCVRNA kinetics and a score based on pre-treatment parameters was highly accurate in predicting SVR in most patients. Outcome of peg-IFNα/RBV treatment may be predicted combining evaluation of baseline variables and HCVRNA kinetics. This allows to individualize treatment, reserving newer and more expensive DAAs to CHC patients who are in most need of them.

Clinical significance of hyperhomocysteinemia in infective endocarditis: A case-control study.

Blood coagulation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis (IE). Conditions associated with thrombophilia could enhance IE vegetation formation and promote embolic complications.In this study, we assessed prevalence, correlates, and clinical consequences of hyper-homocysteinemia (h-Hcy) in IE.Homocysteine (Hcy) plasma levels were studied in 246 IE patients and 258 valvular heart disease (VHD) patients, as well as in 106 healthy controls.IE patients showed Hcy levels comparable to VHD patients (14.9 [3-81] vs 16 [5-50] µmol/L, respectively; P = 0.08). H-Hcy was observed in 48.8% of IE patients and 55.8% of VHD (P = 0.13). Vegetation size and major embolic complications were not related to Hcy levels. IE patients with h-Hcy had a higher prevalence of chronic kidney disease and a higher 1-year mortality (19.6% vs 9.9% in those without h-Hcy; OR 2.21 [1.00-4.89], P = 0.05). However, at logistic regression analysis, h-Hcy was not an independent predictor of 1-year mortality (OR 1.87 [95% CI 0.8-4.2]; P = 0.13).Our data suggest h-Hcy in IE is common, is related to a worse renal function, and may be a marker of cardiac dysfunction rather than infection. H-Hcy does not appear to favor IE vegetation formation or its symptomatic embolic complications.

Safety of treatment with high-dose daptomycin in 102 patients with infective endocarditis.

Daptomycin is commonly used at doses >6 mg/kg/day for various indications, including infective endocarditis (IE). A systematic assessment of skeletal muscle, renal, haematological, hepatic and pulmonary toxicity of high-dose daptomycin (HDD) in IE is lacking. A total of 102 IE patients treated with HDD were included in this non-comparative, observational, single-centre cohort study conducted from 2007 to 2014. The incidence, timing, severity and evolution of adverse events (AEs) were assessed. Patients had a median age of 61.5 years and a high prevalence of co-morbidities. Staphylococci were cultured in 87.2% of cases (62.2% meticillin-resistant). The median daptomycin dose was 8.2 mg/kg/day for a median of 20 days (range, 1-60 days). HDD was withdrawn due to AEs in 12 patients (11.8%). On-treatment death occurred in 4 cases (3.9%, none HDD-related). Muscle toxicity occurred in 15 patients in a median of 15 days after HDD starts, which was largely mild and reversible with ongoing HDD use. Mild renal toxicity was observed in 9 patients (8.8%) after a median of 12 days of HDD (RIFLE-Risk in 8, Injury in 1). A rise of peripheral blood eosinophils occurred in 16 patients (15.7%). There were three cases of eosinophilic interstitial pneumonia. Four patients (3.9%) had mild allergic or idiosyncratic reactions. No other hepatic or haematological AEs were observed. Our current experience with 102 patients suggests that HDD is safe in significantly ill IE patients with multiple co-morbidities. Muscle toxicity was clinically negligible. Most importantly, there was no significant renal toxicity. Eosinophils should be carefully monitored.

Differential antiviral effects of pegylated interferon-α2a and pegylated interferon-α2b in chronic hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pegylated interferon (peg-IFN)-α2a and -α2b show different pharmacokinetic properties but are used interchangeably for hepatitis C treatment in traditional dual combinations and with newer agents. We assessed whether peg-IFN antiviral effects vary with peg-IFN subtype, affecting viral response in a differential manner. METHODS: Chronic hepatitis C patients treated with ribavirin combined with peg-IFN-α2a (N = 109) or -α2b (N = 114) were studied. Hepatitis C virus RNA quantitation was performed by Cobas TaqMan 5 min before treatment start and subsequently after 48/72 h and 7, 14, 28 and 90 days. Antiviral effect was assessed in terms of viraemia changes over treatment. Histology grading and staging, interleukin-28B (IL28B) status and baseline viral genotype, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase and glucose were analysed. RESULTS: Viraemia decline after 48/72 h and 7 days was significantly greater with peg-IFN-α2b (1.96 and 2.12 vs 1.49 and 1.20 log10 IU/mL with peg-IFN-α2a; p < 0.001). Differences were of larger extent in patients with advanced fibrosis (p = 0.002), genotype 1 infection (p = 0.002) and CT/TT genotypes of IL28B (p = 0.001). A rebound in viral load was observed significantly more often after the first dose in patients treated with peg-IFN-α2b (78 vs 28 % in those with peg-IFN-α2a; p = 0.0001). Differences between peg-IFNs disappeared by day 28 of treatment. CONCLUSION: There are significant pharmacodynamic differences between peg-IFN-α2a and -α2b in the early phase of chronic hepatitis C treatment. The greater early viral decline observed with peg-IFN-α2b was essentially confined to 'difficult to treat' patients. Whether this could affect response-guided treatment decision making, as well as triple drug regimens, needs to be assessed.