Pentadecanoic acid against Candida albicans-Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm: towards the development of an anti-biofilm coating to prevent polymicrobial infections.

The ability to form biofilms is a common feature of microorganisms, which can colonize a variety of surfaces, such as host tissues and medical devices, resulting in infections highly resistant to conventional drugs. This aspect is particularly critical in polymicrobial biofilms involving both fungi and bacteria, therefore, to eradicate such severe infections, new and effective anti-biofilm strategies are needed. The efficacy of pentadecanal and pentadecanoic acid as anti-biofilm agents has been recently reported against different bacterial strains. Their chemical similarity with diffusible signal factors (DSFs), plus the already known ability of fatty acids to act as anti-biofilm agents, suggested to explore their use against Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumoniae mixed biofilm. In this work, we demonstrated the ability of both molecules to prevent the formation and destabilize the structure of the dual-species biofilm. Moreover, the pentadecanoic acid anti-biofilm coating, previously developed through the adsorption of the fatty acid on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), was proved to prevent the polymicrobial biofilm formation in dynamic conditions by confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis. Finally, the evaluation of the expression levels of some biofilm-related genes of C. albicans and K. pneumoniae treated with pentadecanoic acid provided some insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning its anti-biofilm effect.

A novel synthetic medium and expression system for subzero growth and recombinant protein production in Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125.

The Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125 is a model organism of cold-adapted bacteria. The interest in the study of this psychrophilic bacterium stems from its capability either as a non-conventional system for production of recombinant protein and as a rich source of bioactive compounds. To further explore the biotechnological ability of P. haloplanktis TAC125, we have developed a synthetic medium, containing D-gluconate and L-glutamate (GG), which allows the bacterium to grow even at subzero temperatures. P. haloplanktis TAC125 growing in GG medium at low temperature displays growth kinetic parameters which confirm its spectacular adaptation to cold environment and subzero lifestyle, paving the way to the definition of the underlying molecular strategies. Moreover, in this paper, we report the setup of a finely regulated gene expression system inducible by D-galactose to produce recombinant protein in GG synthetic medium at temperatures as low as -2.5 °C. Thanks to the combination of the novel medium and the new expression system, we obtained for the first time the production of a recombinant protein at subzero temperature, thus providing an innovative strategy for the recombinant production of "difficult" proteins.

Anti-biofilm activity of pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis tac125 against staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm: Evidence of a signal molecule involvement?

Staphylococcus epidermidis is recognized as cause of biofilm-associated infections and interest in the development of new approaches for S. epidermidis biofilm treatment has increased. In a previous paper we reported that the supernatant of Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125 presents an anti-biofilm activity against S. epidermidis and preliminary physico-chemical characterization of the supernatant suggested that this activity is due to a polysaccharide. In this work we further investigated the chemical nature of the anti-biofilm P. haloplanktis TAC125 molecule. The production of the molecule was evaluated in different conditions, and reported data demonstrated that it is produced in all P. haloplanktis TAC125 biofilm growth stages, also in minimal medium and at different temperatures. By using a surface coating assay, the surfactant nature of the anti-biofilm compound was excluded. Moreover, a purification procedure was set up and the analysis of an enriched fraction demonstrated that the anti-biofilm activity is not due to a polysaccharide molecule but that it is due to small hydrophobic molecules that likely work as signal. The enriched fraction was also used to evaluate the effect on S. epidermidis biofilm formation in dynamic condition by BioFlux system.

Engineered marine Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125: a promising micro-organism for the bioremediation of aromatic compounds.

AIMS: The recombinant Antarctic Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125 (P. haloplanktis TAC/tou) expressing toluene-o-xylene monooxygenase (ToMO) can efficiently convert several aromatic compounds into their corresponding catechols in a broad range of temperature. When the genome of P. haloplanktis TAC125 was analysed in silico, the presence of a DNA sequence coding for a putative laccase-like protein was revealed. It is well known that bacterial laccases are able to oxidize dioxygenated aromatic compounds such as catechols. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analysed the catabolic features, conferred by recombinant ToMO activity and the endogenous laccase enzymatic activity, of P. haloplanktis TAC/tou engineered strain and its ability to grow on aromatic compounds as sole carbon and energy sources. CONCLUSIONS: Results presented highlight the broad potentiality of P. haloplanktis TAC/tou cells expressing recombinant ToMO in bioremediation and suggest the use of this engineered Antarctic bacterium in the bioremediation of chemically contaminated marine environments and/or cold effluents. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This paper demonstrates the possibility to confer new and specific degradative capabilities to a bacterium isolated from an unpolluted environment (Antarctic seawater) transforming it into a bacterium able to grow on phenol as sole carbon and energy source.

Structural investigation on the lipooligosaccharide fraction of psychrophilic Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC 125 bacterium.

The core structure of the cell-wall lipooligosaccharide (LOS) fraction of an Antarctic Gram-negative bacterium, Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC 125 strain, was determined to be deacetylated alditols. These were obtained from native LOS fraction by O-deacylation, dephosphorylation, reduction and finally N-deacylation. Two novel structures were detected, the more highly represented molecule consisting of the following hexasaccharide chain: alpha-D-ManpNH(2)-(1-->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-alpha-L-glycero-D-manno-Hepp-(1-->5)-alpha-D-Kdo-(2-->6)-beta-D-GlcpNH(2)-(1-->6)-D-GlcNH(2)(ol) while the corresponding pentasaccharide, lacking the ManpNH(2) residue, was less abundant. To the best of our knowledge, the structural investigation presented here, mainly performed by NMR and MS methods, is the first report of the lipopolysaccharide fraction of a psychrophilic bacterium.