Turkish health field periodical editors' Views on publication process and ethical problems.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed in this study to investigate views and suggestions of health field editors about the publication process and ethical problems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 42 journal editors who accepted to participate in the study. The data were collected through 70-item "Editor Views Questionnaire" which was developed by the researchers in line with the related literature. RESULTS: The editors who participated in the study were asked about their views about the most common problems they encountered related to publication ethics; the top three problems indicated by the editors included unjustified authorship (40.5%), duplicate publication (33.3%), and falsification (26.2%). An analysis of the problems encountered in the initial evaluation stage revealed the top three issues as articles that did not follow the writing rules of the journal (33.3%), unqualified articles (30.1%), and negligence of the author(s) (14.3%). Views in relation to the problems about the referee evaluation stage included evaluations that were not completed within the time given (28.6%), insufficient importance attached to the evaluation (23.9%), and inability to find sufficient number of referees (16.7%). CONCLUSION: some editors were found to encounter violation of publication ethics, to experience problems in the revision stage, and not to feel fully independent in their contribution to article publication and thus the improvement of the journal quality. Identification of journal editors' views and problems is an important step for the solution to these problems; it could thus contribute to improving the quality of publication process and journal quality.

Drugs derived from cannabinoids. 7. Tachycardia and analgesia structure-activity relationships in delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and some synthetic analogues.

delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and eight other synthetic analogues were found to induce a dose-related increase in heart rate in the conscious Wistar rat. Ina comparison of tachycardia with analgesic activity (mouse hot-plate and antiwrithing tests) it was found that the water-soluble ester derivatives of 2a, 1-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-octyl)-6,6,9-trimethyl-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6H-dibenzo(b,d)pyran (DMHP), had the least potency for tachycardia and the greatest potency for analgesia. These findings suggest that these compounds may have promise as therapeutic agents.

Potential therapeutic agents derived from the cannabinoid nucleus.

PIP: Drugs derived from Cannabis sativa (Cannabinceae) were used until the 1940's for their stimulant and depressant effects for treating somatic and psychiatric illnesses. Renewed interest in marihuana research began in the 1970's and again pointed to the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids. Safer and more useful therapeutic agents may be generated from cannabinoids similarly to morphine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and cocaine which have structurally related analgesics, oxytoxics, and local anesthetics respectively. It has been shown that the C-ring in cannabinoids can be substituted with a variety of nitrogen and sulfur-containing rings without loss of CNS (central nervous system) activity. Cannabinoids have been shown to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, intensify pressor effects of endogenous amines like norepinephrine, and enhance the stimulant effects of amphetamine. Cannabinoids' therapeutic potential lies in the areas of analgesics and anticonvulsants, and for use as a sedative-hypnotic, an antiglaucoma agent, an antiasthmatic agent, an antidiarrheal agent, and possibly as an anticancer and immunosuppressant agent.^ieng

Drugs derived from cannabinoids. 2. Basic esters of nitrogen and carbocyclic analogs.

Various basic esters of nitrogen (2) and carbocyclic (3 and 4) analogs of cannabinoids were synthesized using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in methylene chloride. The compounds in the three series werw studied in selected pharmacological tests in mice, rats, dogs, and cats. It was shown that making the basic ester from the phenol retains biological activity and can lead to a greater selectivity of action, particularly the antinociceptive activity. The most interesting esters were 5, 6, 10, and 14 in the nitrogen analogs series and 19 and 20 in the carbocyclic series. Compound 5 was more potent than codeine in the writhing, hot-plate, and tail-flick tests and is at present undergoing clinical testing. Compound 20 was very potent in the mouse audiogenic seizure test and is of interest as an anticovulsant agent.

Drugs derived from cannabinoids. 1. Nitrogen analogs, benzopyranopyridines and benzopyranopyrroles.

Various nitrogen analogs of delta6a,10a-tetrahydrocannabinol were synthesized by a general procedure described in an earlier communication. Minimum effective doses (MED50's) and lethal doses (LD50's) were determined by a modified Irwin mouse screen after iv administration of compounds in PEG 200. The most potent compounds were the propargyl (5t), allyl (5m), and chloroallyl (5o-q) derivatives. Overt behavioral effects (CNS depression, static ataxia, and hypersensitivity) of 5t and Roger Adams' carbocyclic analog (III) were found to be similar in the mouse, cat, dog, and monkey. Dichloroisoproterenol prevented and reversed many of the depressant effects of both III and 5t but had no effect on the ataxia produced by these compounds. In antinociceptive tests, 5t was active in the phenylquinone and Eddy hot-plate tests but was inactive in the tail-flick test.

Drugs derived from cannabinoids. 3. Sulfur analogs, thiopyranobenzopyrans and thienobenzopyrans.

Sulfur analogs of cannabinoids corresponding to DMHP (1) were prepared utilizing the Pechmann condensation between the appropriate keto ester and (5-(1,2-dimethylheptyl)resorcinol, followed by Grignard reaction. Compounds of various structural types (2-6), which had different ring size and position of the sulfur atom substituted in the alicyclic ring, were found to be active CNS agents in pharmacological tests in mice, rats, and dogs. They showed profiles qualitatively similar to those of the nitrogen and carbocyclic analogs. Basic esters of the most interesting parent phenols 2 and 4 were also prepared and tested.

Water-soluble derivatives of 1 -tetrahydrocannabinol.

Delta1-Tetrahydrocannabinol, which is resinous and insoluble in water and therefore difficult to study pharmacologically, can be converted to a watersoluble derivative without loss of its biological activity. This has been achieved by preparing esters bearing a nitrogen moiety with the use of carbodiimide as the condensing agent. The availability of such water-soluble derivatives will allow the evaluation of Delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol in self-administration studies in monkeys for its addiction liability potential in man. This technique of water solubilization is also applicable to other compounds of chemical and biological significance.