ABSTRACT
Background: Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) is characterized by increased susceptibility to weakly virulent mycobacteria (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin [BCG] vaccines and environmental mycobacteria), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Candida spp. and Salmonella spp. The aim of this study is to evaluate clinical features and immunological findings of MSMD patients with interleukin 12 receptor beta 1 (IL12Rβ1) deficiency. Methods: Among 117 screened patients with BCG infection following vaccination, 23 suspected MSMD subjects were recruited to this study by the exclusion of severe combined immunodeficiencies and chronic granulomatous diseases. Flow cytometric assessment for surface expression of IL12Rβ1 was performed. Moreover, the clinical and immunological data from the patients was evaluated. Results: A significant decrease (less than 1%) in the surface expression of IL12Rβ1 was reported in six cases which showed a significant increase in the count of lymphocytes (p = 0.009) and CD8+ T cells (p = 0.008) as compared to MSMD subjects with normal expression of surface IL12Rβ1. The frequency of disseminated BCGosis (50% vs. 20%, p = 0.29), recurrent infection (83.3% vs. 40%, p = 0.14) and salmonellosis (33.3% vs. 0.0%, p = 0.07) was higher in IL12Rβ1 deficient subjects than IL12Rβ1 sufficient individuals. Conclusion: MSMD patients with childhood onset of mycobacteriosis (mostly after BCG vaccination) and recurrent salmonellosis could be evaluated for IL12Rβ1 expression with flow cytometry for punctual diagnosis
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Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Herpes Simplex/immunology , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology , Mutation/genetics , Mycobacterium bovis/immunology , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/immunology , Simplexvirus/physiology , Receptors, Interleukin-12/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Herpes Simplex/genetics , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/genetics , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/genetics , Prospective Studies , Receptors, Interleukin-12/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) is characterized by increased susceptibility to weakly virulent mycobacteria (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin [BCG] vaccines and environmental mycobacteria), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Candida spp. and Salmonella spp. The aim of this study is to evaluate clinical features and immunological findings of MSMD patients with interleukin 12 receptor beta 1 (IL12Rß1) deficiency. METHODS: Among 117 screened patients with BCG infection following vaccination, 23 suspected MSMD subjects were recruited to this study by the exclusion of severe combined immunodeficiencies and chronic granulomatous diseases. Flow cytometric assessment for surface expression of IL12Rß1 was performed. Moreover, the clinical and immunological data from the patients was evaluated. RESULTS: A significant decrease (less than 1%) in the surface expression of IL12Rß1 was reported in six cases which showed a significant increase in the count of lymphocytes (p=0.009) and CD8+ T cells (p=0.008) as compared to MSMD subjects with normal expression of surface IL12Rß1. The frequency of disseminated BCGosis (50% vs. 20%, p=0.29), recurrent infection (83.3% vs. 40%, p=0.14) and salmonellosis (33.3% vs. 0.0%, p=0.07) was higher in IL12Rß1 deficient subjects than IL12Rß1 sufficient individuals. CONCLUSION: MSMD patients with childhood onset of mycobacteriosis (mostly after BCG vaccination) and recurrent salmonellosis could be evaluated for IL12Rß1 expression with flow cytometry for punctual diagnosis.
Subject(s)
Herpes Simplex/immunology , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology , Mutation/genetics , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/immunology , Mycobacterium bovis/immunology , Receptors, Interleukin-12/genetics , Simplexvirus/physiology , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Herpes Simplex/genetics , Humans , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/genetics , Infant , Male , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/genetics , Prospective Studies , Receptors, Interleukin-12/metabolismABSTRACT
Summary: Background.Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are life-threatening disorders, which manifest commonly with gastrointestinal (GI) signs, mainly as chronic diarrhea. Objective. To investigate and compare infectious etiology of chronic diarrhea in different PIDs. Patients and methods. Assessing clinical features, obtaining immunological profiles, as well as characterizing infectious etiology of diarrhea were performed in 38 PID patients with chronic diarrhea. Stool samples and/or biopsy specimens were checked using culture, microscopic examination, RT-PCR, and PCR, as appropriate. The patients were diagnosed to have common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), and hyper-IgM (HIgM) syndrome. Results. In 32 patients we identified 41 infectious agents including 16 parasitic (39.0%, the most common Giardia lamblia), 11 bacterial (26.8%, the most common salmonella spp), 8 viral (19.5%, the most frequent group A rotavirus), and 6 fungal organisms (14.7%, the most common Candida albicans). From 6 of the patients, no infectious agent was isolated. In CVID bacteria and parasites, in SCID bacteria and viruses, in XLA parasites, and in individuals with HIgM syndrome parasites were the leading causes of chronic diarrhea. Infection with giardia and cryptosporidium were more frequent in XLA and HIgM, respectively. Conclusion. The current study suggests considering both usual and unusual pathogens in laboratory investigation and in the empiric treatment of chronic diarrhea. Opportunistic pathogens should be taken into account when no other pathogen is identified, especially in patients on long-term treatment or prophylaxis with antifungals/antibiotics and in those from geographical locations that favor pathogenicity of these organisms.
