Effect of Larger Pore Size on the Sorption Properties of Isoreticular Metal-Organic Frameworks with High Number of Open Metal Sites.

Four isostructural CPO-54-M metal-organic frameworks based on the larger organic linker 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid and divalent cations (M=Mn, Mg, Ni, Co) are shown to be isoreticular to the CPO-27 (MOF-74) materials. Desolvated CPO-54-Mn contains a very high concentration of open metal sites, which has a pronounced effect on the gas adsorption of N2 , H2 , CO2 and CO. Initial isosteric heats of adsorption are significantly higher than for MOFs without open metal sites and are slightly higher than for CPO-27. The plateau of high heat of adsorption decreases earlier in CPO-54-Mn as a function of loading per mole than in CPO-27-Mn. Cluster and periodic density functional theory based calculations of the adsorbate structures and energetics show that the larger adsorption energy at low loadings, when only open metal sites are occupied, is mainly due to larger contribution of dispersive interactions for the materials with the larger, more electron rich bridging ligand.

Incorporation of an intact dimeric Zr12 oxo cluster from a molecular precursor in a new zirconium metal-organic framework.

Two zirconium-organic frameworks were synthesized by exchanging the acetate ligands in [Zr12O8(OH)8(CH3COO)24] with polydentate linkers. Partial substitution of acetate groups by a phosphine based linker yielded a new porous framework with this unique dimeric Zr12 cluster unit as molecular building block. More exhaustive substitution of acetate resulted in cleavage of the Zr12 unit and formation of UiO-67.

Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance profile and comparison of selective plating media for the isolation of Salmonella in backyard chickens from Entre Rios, Argentina.

This study was conducted to estimate the apparent prevalence of Salmonella spp. in birds kept under backyard system in Entre Ríos, Argentina, and determine the performance of two selective plating media used for Salmonella isolation, and the antimicrobial resistance of the isolated. Also, the association of farms characteristics with Salmonella presence was evaluated. A total of 657 backyard chickens and 15 gooses were sampled one time by cloacal swab, belonging to 51 and one family farms, respectively, and four counties in Entre Rios state from April 2014 to May 2015. Only four samples from backyard chickens belonged to three family farms from Uruguay County were positive to Salmonella spp., so the apparent prevalence was 0.6% for this kind of chicken. Four serovars were isolated (Salmonella ser. Lille, S. ser. Newport, S. ser. Enteritidis and S. ser. Rissen), which were susceptible to all antibiotics tested with the exception of erythromycin. For Hektoen enteric agar and brilliant green agar, relative specificity and positive predictive value were 1, and the relative sensitivity and negative predictive value did not show any difference between them. The agreement was very good between these two plating media. None of the variables studied could be selected to calculate the risk factors associated with Salmonella isolation because p > .15. Although the prevalence of Salmonella spp. is low in backyard birds in Entre Rios, the presence of S. ser. Enteritidis should not be discounted, because it is found in the county that concentrates a large population of intensive poultry production in the state.

A Permanently Porous Yttrium-Organic Framework Based on an Extended Tridentate Phosphine Containing Linker.

The metal-organic framework [Y(tbpp)]·nDMF (1) was synthesized from yttrium(III) nitrate and the tritopic linker tris(4'-carboxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)phosphine (H3tbpp). The distance between the coordinating atoms of the carboxylate groups of the extended tridentate phosphine linker is more than 1.8 nm, resulting in an average pore dimension of 0.9 nm in the noninterpenetrated metal-organic framework. The material exhibits high thermal stability and permanent porosity after removal of guest molecules from the one-dimensional pore system. The desolvated compound adsorbs nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. Favorable adsorption of CO2 over N2 is predicted using ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST). The isosteric enthalpies of adsorption of H2 and CO2 of -7 and -22 kJ mol-1, respectively, are representative for metal-organic frameworks with no accessible strong host-guest binding sites, despite the bifunctional nature of the organic ligand. The absence of strong specific adsorption sites was confirmed by in situ powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction of the reversible isobaric CO2 sorption process. Analysis of the diffraction data indicates that the CO2 molecules in the pores are disordered and nonlocalized. Despite this, it was possible to quantify the evolution of the occupation of the pores. CO2 is adsorbed at an approximately constant below 320 K from 10% loading to full capacity at 195 K.

On the elusive nature of oxygen binding at coordinatively unsaturated 3d transition metal centers in metal-organic frameworks.

Using gas sorption measurements at ambient temperatures and in situ neutron powder diffraction methods, we have studied the interaction strengths and coordination geometries of O2 and N2 near the non-occupied coordination site (open metal site) in the isostructural MOF structures of the CPO-27-M/M-MOF-74 series (with M = Co, Ni, Mn and Cu). Our experimental observations are compared to periodic quantum chemical model calculations. Contrary to recent computational studies, our results, both experimental and theoretical, unequivocally suggest rather weak interactions between the M(ii) coordinatively unsaturated centers and the adsorbate molecules, being mainly dispersive and electrostatic in nature. As a consequence, they exclude significant orbital charge transfer effects that could lead to superoxide/peroxide formation. Calculated binding energies appear in good agreement with the measured isosteric heats of adsorption in the range of 10-20 kJ mol-1. These, relatively weak host-guest interactions, lead to a tilted end-on geometry in all of the investigated M(ii)-guest molecule adducts.

An In-Depth Structural Study of the Carbon Dioxide Adsorption Process in the Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks CPO-27-M.

The CO2 adsorption process in the family of porous metal-organic framework materials CPO-27-M (M=Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) was studied by variable-temperature powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction under isobaric conditions. The Rietveld analysis of the data provided a time-lapse view of the adsorption process on CPO-27-M. The results confirm the temperature-dependent order of occupation of the three adsorption sites in the pores of the CPO-27-M materials. In CPO-27-M (M=Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, and Zn), the adsorption sites are occupied in sequential order, primarily because of the high affinity of CO2 for the open metal sites. CPO-27-Cu deviates from this stepwise mechanism, and the adsorption sites at the metal cation and the second site are occupied in parallel. The temperature dependence of the site occupancy of the individual CO2 adsorption sites derived from the diffraction data is reflected in the shape of the volumetric sorption isotherms. The fast kinetics and high reversibility observed in these experiments support the suitability of these materials for use in temperature- or pressure-swing processes for carbon capture.

Crystal structure of dimethyl 4,4'-di-meth-oxy-biphenyl-3,3'-di-carboxyl-ate.

In the title compound, C18H18O6, the benzene rings are coplanar due to the centrosymmetric nature of the mol-ecule, with an inversion centre located at the midpoint of the C-C bond between the two rings. Consequently, the methyl carboxyl-ate substituents are oriented in a trans fashion with regards to the bond between the benzene rings. The methyl carboxyl-ate and meth-oxy substituents are rotated slightly out of plane relative to their parent benzene rings, with dihedral and torsion angles of 18.52 (8) and -5.22 (15)°, respectively. The shortest O⋯H contact between neighbouring mol-ecules is about 2.5 Å. Although some structure-directing contributions from C-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions are possible, the crystal packing seems primarily directed by weak van der Waals forces.

4,4'-Dimeth-oxybi-phenyl-3,3'-di-car-box-ylic acid.

The title compound, C16H14O6, was recrystallized under solvothermal conditions. The mol-ecules are located on inversion centres, with one complete mol-ecule generated from the asymmetric unit by inversion. There are intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the carb-oxy-lic acid group and the O atom of the adjacent meth-oxy group. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains propagating along [100]. The chains are linked via C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming sheets parallel to (001).

Dimethyl 3,3'-di-meth-oxy-biphenyl-4,4'-di-carboxyl-ate.

In the title compound, C18H18O6, the biphenyl moiety is twisted with a dihedral angle of 29.11 (10)°. The carbometh-oxy groups form C-C-C-O torsion angles of -18.3 (3) and -27.7 (3)° with the attached rings, as a result of steric hindrances from the nearby meth-oxy groups. In the absence of stacking inter-actions and with no H⋯O contacts shorter than 2.7 Å, the packing is dominated by weaker van der Waals inter-actions.

Methyl 5-iodo-2-meth-oxy-benzoate.

In the title compound, C9H9IO3, the mol-ecules are close to planar [maximum deviation from benzene ring plane = 0.229 (5) Šfor the methyl carboxylate C atom] with the methyl groups oriented away from each other. In the crystal, mol-ecules form stacked layers parallel to the ab plane, where every layer has either the iodine or meth-oxy/methyl carboxyl-ate substituents pointing towards each other in an alternating fashion.

Interaction of hydrogen with accessible metal sites in the metal-organic frameworks M(2)(dhtp) (CPO-27-M; M = Ni, Co, Mg).

Hydrogen molecules adsorbed in the nickel, cobalt, and magnesium analogs of the CPO-27 metal-organic framework at low loadings interact significantly more strongly than those adsorbed successively as a consequence of the strong interaction of hydrogen with the coordinatively unsaturated metal cations in the framework.

Response of CPO-27-Ni towards CO, N2 and C2H4.

Coordinatively unsaturated Ni(2+) atoms in CPO-27-Ni form linear adducts with molecular nitrogen. The framework responds to the adsorption-modifying vibrational properties and local structure around adsorbing sites. The present paper deals with a fundamental infrared (IR) study of the interaction of gases on a microporous adsorbent metallorganic framework CPO-27-Ni containing, after solvent removal, coordinatively unsaturated Ni(2+) atoms [Dietzel et al., Chem. Commun. 2006, 959]. CO, N(2) and C(2)H(4) have been chosen. Notwithstanding the relative medium (CO and C(2)H(4)) and weak (N(2)) adsorption enthalpies and the low equilibrium pressures adopted (100-10(-3) mbar) the CPO-27-Ni framework responds promptly and reversibly to the adsorption process, modifying significantly both vibrational properties and local structure around Ni(2+) adsorbing sites as determined by a parallel EXAFS investigation locating the N(2) molecule 2.27 +/- 0.03 A apart from Ni(2+). For both N(2) and C(2)H(4), IR spectra have been discussed and carefully compared with literature data. Isosteric heat of adsorption of the Ni(2+)...N(2) complex formation has been evaluated from temperature dependent IR study to be -DeltaH(ads) = 17 kJ mol(-1).

Adsorption properties and structure of CO2 adsorbed on open coordination sites of metal-organic framework Ni2(dhtp) from gas adsorption, IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.

The microporous metal-organic framework Ni(2)(dhtp) (H(4)dhtp=2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid) shows distinct end-on CO(2) coordination to coordinatively unsaturated nickel sites giving rise to high CO(2) adsorption capacity at sub-atmospheric pressures and ambient temperatures.

Role of exposed metal sites in hydrogen storage in MOFs.

The role of exposed metal sites in increasing the H2 storage performances in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has been investigated by means of IR spectrometry. Three MOFs have been considered: MOF-5, with unexposed metal sites, and HKUST-1 and CPO-27-Ni, with exposed Cu(2+) and Ni(2+), respectively. The onset temperature of spectroscopic features associated with adsorbed H2 correlates with the adsorption enthalpy obtained by the VTIR method and with the shift experienced by the H-H stretching frequency. This relationship can be ascribed to the different nature and accessibility of the metal sites. On the basis of a pure energetic evaluation, it was observed that the best performance was shown by CPO-27-Ni that exhibits also an initial adsorption enthalpy of -13.5 kJ mol(-1), the highest yet observed for a MOF. Unfortunately, upon comparison of the hydrogen amounts stored at high pressure, the hydrogen capacities in these conditions are mostly dependent on the surface area and total pore volume of the material. This means that if control of MOF surface area can benefit the total stored amounts, only the presence of a great number of strong adsorption sites can make the (P, T) storage conditions more economically favorable. These observations lead to the prediction that efficient H2 storage by physisorption can be obtained by increasing the surface density of strong adsorption sites.

Structural changes and coordinatively unsaturated metal atoms on dehydration of honeycomb analogous microporous metal-organic frameworks.

Porous metal-organic framework compounds with coordinatively unsaturated metal sites on the inner surface of the pores promise to be valuable adsorbents and catalyst systems, either in industrial applications or as model systems to study interactions with guest molecules. The dehydration process of two isostructural microporous coordination polymers, [M2(dhtp)(H2O)2].8 H2O, termed CPO-27-M (M=Co, Zn; H(4)dhtp=2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid) was investigated by in situ variable temperature X-ray diffraction. Both compounds contain accessible coordination sites at the metal after complete removal of the solvent. However, despite the analogy of their crystal structures, they behave differently during dehydration. For CPO-27-Co, water desorption is a smooth topotactic process of second order with no concomitant space group change and no increase in microstrain, which is beneficial for the applicability of the material. Removal of the water propagates from the center of the channels outwards. The coordinating water molecule at the metal desorbs only when almost all the bulk water in the pores has disappeared. In contrast, discontinuities in the powder pattern of CPO-27-Zn indicate the occurrence of first-order transitions. The crystal structures of four of the five individual phases could be determined. The structure of the intermediate phase occurring just before the framework is completely evacuated was elusive in respect to full structure solution and refinement, but it is most probably related to the removal of the axis of threefold symmetry. The zinc-based material experiences a significant amount of strain.

Superoxide compounds of the large pseudo-alkali-metal ions tetramethylammonium, -phosphonium, and -arsonium.

Compounds of the three large cations tetramethylammonium, tetramethylphosphonium, and tetramethylarsonium with the superoxide radical anion were synthesized by either metathesis or ion exchange in liquid ammonia. They were obtained from concentrated solutions as ammoniates in the form of long needle-shaped single crystals. [N(CH3)4]-(O2)3NH3 crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system, whereas the two compounds [E(CH3)4](O2)2NH3 (E = P, As) are isostructural and belong to the orthorhombic crystal system. The cation-anion packing in all three crystal structures is related to the sodium chloride structure. All structures contain hydrogen bonds between the ammonia molecules and between ammonia and the superoxide. The solvent of crystallization was easily released from the crystals upon complete removal of the solvent from the reaction vessel, leading to polycrystalline samples. The Raman spectra of all three solvent-free compounds show the symmetric stretching mode of the superoxide ion at about 1123 cm(-1). The desolvated [N(CH3)4](O2) was investigated by powder X-ray diffraction, and the crystal structure was solved by ab initio simulated annealing methods by using rigid-body models of the constituent molecular ions. The superoxide ion shows rotational disorder. The magnetic susceptibility of tetramethylammonium superoxide follows the Curie-Weiss law with a high-temperature effective magnetic moment of 1.66(3) muB and a paramagnetic Curie temperature of theta = -13(6) K. Complementary electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that the average g factor is temperature-dependent. It decreased from 2.15 at 10 K to 1.66 at 100 K, possibly due to the onset of rotational motion of the superoxide ion and in accordance with the lower-than-expected effective magnetic moment.

The inconsistency in adsorption properties and powder XRD data of MOF-5 is rationalized by framework interpenetration and the presence of organic and inorganic species in the nanocavities.

MOF-5 is the archetype metal-organic framework and has been subjected to numerous studies the past few years. The focal point of this report is the pitfalls related to the MOF-5 phase identification based on powder XRD data. A broad set of conditions and procedures have been reported for MOF-5 synthesis. These variations have led to materials with substantially different adsorption properties (specific surface areas in the range 700 to 3400 m(2)/g). The relatively low weight loss observed for some as synthesized samples upon solvent removal is also indicative of a low pore volume. Regrettably, these materials have all been described as MOF-5 without any further comments. Furthermore, the reported powder XRD patterns hint at structural differences: The variations in surface area are accompanied by peak splitting phenomena and rather pronounced changes in the relative peak intensities in the powder XRD patterns. In this work, we use single-crystal XRD to investigate structural differences between low and high surface area MOF-5. The low surface area MOF-5 sample had two different classes of crystals. For the dominant phase, Zn(OH)2 species partly occupied the cavities. The presence of Zn species makes the hosting cavity and possibly also adjacent cavities inaccessible and thus efficiently reduces the pore volume of the material. Furthermore, the minor phase consisted of doubly interpenetrated MOF-5 networks, which lowers the adsorption capacity. The presence of Zn species and lattice interpenetration changes the symmetry from cubic to trigonal and explains the peak splitting observed in the powder XRD patterns. Pore-filling effects from the Zn species (and partly the solvent molecules) are also responsible for the pronounced variations in powder XRD peak intensities. This latter conclusion is particularly useful for predicting the adsorption properties of a MOF-5-type material from powder XRD.

A scandium coordination polymer constructed from trimeric octahedral building blocks and 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate.

Scandium chloride and nitrate react with 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid to form three-dimensional framework compounds in which hexagonally-closed packed inorganic building blocks are linked by the carboxylate groups of the organic ligand. The inorganic moieties consist of three scandium oxygen octahedra that are joined by a common mu3-oxygen atom; the pores in the structure account for 60% of the volume, but the framework decomposes upon removal of the solvent molecules.

Hydrogen adsorption in a nickel based coordination polymer with open metal sites in the cylindrical cavities of the desolvated framework.

The solvent contained within the cylindrical one-dimensional pores of the novel three-dimensional metal organic framework Ni2(dhtp)(H2O)2.8H2O can be removed without decomposition of the network, allowing gas storage within the cavities.

Increased dimensionalities of zinc-diphenic acid coordination polymers by simultaneous or subsequent addition of neutral bridging ligands.

Three coordination polymers containing zinc and diphenic acid (H2dpa) were synthesised by solvothermal reaction. Zn(dpa)(H2O) is a one-dimensional coordination polymer that consists of parallel ladder-like chains. One carboxylate group of the diphenic acid coordinates two zinc atoms forming a dinuclear unit which composes the steps of the ladder. The other carboxylate connects to a zinc atom in the next step of the ladder. The fourth coordination site at the zinc atom is occupied by water. Attempts to crosslink the chains by replacing the water molecule with the neutral ligands triethylenediamine (dabco) or 4,4'-bipyridyl lead to the compounds Zn2(dpa)2(dabco) and Zn(dpa)(4,4'-bpy). Their structures can be rationalised as being derived from action of the neutral ligand on Zn(dpa)(H2O), and while they are most conveniently prepared in a one-pot synthesis, it is also possible to obtain them by exposing Zn(dpa)(H2O) to the respective neutral ligand. Zn2(dpa)2(dabco) is a layered two-dimensional coordination polymer in which dinculear zinc carboxylate paddle wheel units and the dabco ligand form infinite linear chains. The chains are interconnected by the dpa unit. The structure of Zn(dpa)(4,4'-bpy) consists of two identical interpenetrating three-dimensional networks. In the network, helical Zn(dpa) chains are interconnected by the rigid 4,4'-bipyridine ligand. Thermogravimetric analysis indicates a high thermal stability of this coordination polymer with decomposition occurring in the range 350-450 degrees C. This is complemented by X-ray thermodiffractometry that indicates a phase transition at 337 degrees C and the final loss of crystallinity at 427 degrees C. The room temperature phase expands drastically along one axis and contracts along the other two axes on heating.