Autonomic and hemodynamic effects of pre-anesthetic use of clonidine in healthy dogs.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pre-anesthetic use of clonidine on time-domain heart rate variability (HRV) and arterial blood pressure in healthy anesthetized dogs. Six healthy adult mixed-breed dogs were administered a clonidine (clonidine group, CLG) and 30 days later, a placebo (control group, CG) preanesthetic protocol, in addition to propofol, isoflurane, and an bolus of tramadol and the continuous infusion thereafter. The total time mean values of HRV meanNN, SDNN, SDANN, SDNNI, and rMSSD were higher in the CL group, as observed in some HRV variables on tramadol bolus time (T4), tramadol continuous infusion (T8), and tracheal extubation time (T10). No significant differences in arterial blood pressure were observed, however, two dogs had a second-degree atrioventricular block (Mobitz II) at the tramadol bolus time (T4). These results led us to conclude that the clonidine anesthetic protocol resulted in sympathetic outflow block and an increase in parasympathetic tone, without significant effects on blood pressure. Notably, cardiac electrical disturbance in two dogs in the CL group. Although the pre-anesthetic use of clonidine in dogs with fear-based behavioral problems should be considered, its association with tramadol should be avoided or carried out with caution owing to the existing cardiovascular risk.

Neste estudo objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da administração pré-anestésica de clonidina na variabilidade da frequência cardíaca no domínio do tempo (VFC) e pressão arterial sanguínea de cães saudáveis anestesiados. Seis cães adultos hígidos, sem raça definida, foram submetidos a ambos protocolos anestésicos, com clonidina (grupo clonidina - GCL) e placebo (grupo controle - GC), associado ao propofol, isoflurano, bolus e infusão contínua de tramadol. Considerando o do tempo total de análise, os valores médios das variáveis de VFC NNmédio (GC=584.5±62.77, GCL=680.5±75.01), SDNN (GC=97.83±28.94, GCL=163.8±49.81), SDANN (GC=63.83±21.55, GCL=102.3±32.89), SDNNI (GC=60.83±28.53, GCL= 110.2±42.92) e rMSSD (GC=75.83±38.91, GCL=158.0±81.20) foram maiores no protocolo anestésico com clonidina, assim como também observado em algumas variáveis de VFC durante o tempo de administração do bolus (T4) (NNmédio: GC=643,70±123,10, GCL= 819,80±78,77) e infusão contínua (T8) (NNmédio: CG=599,20±35,66, CLG=785,00±52,13) de tramadol, assim como no tempo de extubação orotraqueal (T10) (NNmédio: GC=598,70±84,75, GCL=852,50±188,60; SDNN: GC=49,83±33,49, GCL=193,80±143,40; rMSSD: GC=43,50±33,86, GCL=314,20±294,60). Nenhuma diferença significativa na pressão arterial sanguínea foi observada, porém, dois cães apresentaram bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo grau (Mobitz II) no momento de aplicação do bolus de tramadol (T4). Assim, o protocolo anestésico com uso de clonidina resultou em bloqueio eferente simpático e aumento do tônus simpático, sem efeitos significativos sobre a pressão arterial, mas com ocorrência de distúrbio elétrico de condução cardíaco em dois cães. Embora o uso pré-anestésico de clonidina em cães com problemas comportamentais baseados no medo deva ser considerado, sua associação com tramadol deve ser evitada ou realizada com cautela devido ao risco cardiovascular existente.

Ultrasonographic diagnosis of bilateral partial rupture of the infraspinatus muscle in a racing greyhound.

Athletic dogs are more susceptible to musculoskeletal disorders, especially in the muscles or tendons surrounding the shoulder joint. In this report, we describe a case of partial bilateral rupture of the infraspinatus muscle, an unusual injury. Clinical signs included lameness of the left thoracic limb after training. On physical examination, there was discomfort on bilateral palpation in the infraspinatus fossa region. The main clinical suspicion was partial rupture or myositis of the infraspinatus muscle (IF). Ultrasound examination of the region revealed the presence of hypoechoic areas intermingling the muscle fibers in a deeper and distal region of the infraspinatus muscle, compatible with edema or bilateral intramuscular hematoma (left +++, right ++) and integrity of the fascia. The findings were characterized as a partial rupture of the musculature. A detailed physical examination associated with ultrasound examination is essential for early diagnosis and therapeutic management. Although no other reports of partial rupture of the IF have been found, partial or complete rupture of muscle fibers in sport dogs is frequent. Early diagnosis prevents the development of contractures due to the institution of therapy before the fibrous process is established and improves prognosis.

Os cães atléticos são mais suscetíveis a sofrer de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos, especialmente nos músculos ou tendões ao redor da articulação do ombro. Neste relato, é descrito um caso de ruptura parcial bilateral do músculo infraespinhal, uma lesão incomum. Os sinais clínicos incluíram claudicação no membro torácico esquerdo após o treinamento de corrida. Ao exame físico, havia desconforto à palpação bilateral em região da fossa infraespinhal. A principal suspeita clínica foi ruptura parcial ou miosite do músculo infraespinhal (IF). O exame ultrassonográfico da região revelou a presença de áreas hipoecóicas mesclando as fibras musculares em região mais profunda e distal do músculo infraespinhal, compatível com edema ou hematoma intramuscular bilateral (esquerdo +++, direito ++) e integridade da fáscia. Os achados foram caracterizados como ruptura parcial da musculatura. O exame físico detalhado associado ao exame de ultrassom foi essencial para o diagnóstico precoce e o manejo terapêutico. Embora nenhum outro relato de ruptura parcial do IF tenha sido encontrado, rupturas parciais ou totais das fibras musculares em cães esportivos são frequentes. O diagnóstico precoce evita o desenvolvimento de contraturas devido à instituição da terapia antes do estabelecimento do processo fibroso e melhora o prognóstico.

Clinical approach for treating dilated cardiomyopathy in a hog-nosed skunk (Conepatus chinga)

Background: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a multifactorial disease characterized by systolic dysfunction of myocardium, affecting domestic animals like dogs, cats, and ferrets. It was sporadically described in non-domestic species, generally as a necropsy observation. The hog-nosed skunk (Conepatus chinga) is a small mammal, carnivore, belonging to the Mephitidae family, found in southern South America, and considered as concerned in a conservation status of the species. The goal of this issue is report the first clinical approach of dilated cardiomyopathy in a young hog-nosed skunk, elucidating the challenging aspects of the diagnostic, therapy, and clinical outcome. Case: A newborn hog-nosed skunk (Conepatus chinga) was found in a farm of southern Brazil in poor nutritional and behavioral conditions. Thirty days of nutritional supplementation based on cow's milk, fruits and insects were necessary to recover its body weight score and activity level. However, 2 months after adoption, the skunk showed acute dyspnea and abnormal breath sound, decreased appetite, and loss of weight. Firstly, these signs were associated with a possible pulmonary infection or other respiratory disease. However, the general cardiomegaly and pulmonary edema pattern observed on the thoracic radiography, changed the clinical approach, conducting the presumptive diagnosis to congestive heart failure (pulmonary edema) caused by an unknown cardiac disease as a dilated cardiomyopathy (CDM). An adequate physical, echocardiographic, electrocardiographic, and hematological evaluation was possible only after chemical restraint by sevofluorane. Systolic heart murmur and pulmonary cracking sounds were detected on thoracic auscultation. These findings associated to the echocardiography features of four chamber dilatation, systolic (fractional shortening-FS = 9% and ejection fraction-EF= 22%) and diastolic (mitral E/A ratio = 4.93) dysfunctions, and bilateral ventriculoatrial regurgitation (mitral and tricuspid) were highly correlated with DCM. Considering the etiologies of CDM described in domestic species and the poor nutritional condition previously observed in the case, nutritional and idiopathic etiologies of DCM were considered for this case. Therapy was based on furosemide at hospital (4 mg/kg subcutaneous, single doses) and home (2 mg/kg orally, BID), enalapril maleate (0.5 mg/kg orally, every 48 h), taurine supplementation (100 mg orally, SID), and pimobendan (0.5 mg/kg orally, BID). Clinical improvement was already observed on the second day of treatment, and monitored for 5 months, when the skunk was completely revaluated. The second echocardiographic exam showed improvement in systolic (FS = 20% and EF = 43%) and diastolic functions (mitral E/A ratio = 2.05), tricuspid regurgitation was not observed, and decrease the left atrial and ventricular dimensions were seen. Due to good clinical outcome, furosemide was gradually reduced until complete withdrawal without any clinical complications or worsening. After 30 months of therapy of pimobendan, taurine, and enalapril maleate, the skunk has good quality captive life without congestive heart failure recurrence. Discussion: The lack of information about DCM in hog-nosed skunk turns the clinical diagnosis and therapy challenging. However, the radiographic and echocardiographic features seamed to lead the same domestic animal patterns. The therapy based on decrease the cardiac overload, increase the myocardial inotropic function (pimobendan and taurine) resulted on excellent clinical and echocardiographic outcome. Although the etiologies of DCM in this species are not stablished, the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches applied resulted on excellent clinical results, and therefore may provide useful information about this cardiac condition in skunk species.

Left ventricular adaptations in herding dogs

Background: Athletes heart syndrome comprises a set of functional and anatomic cardiac changes secondary to intenseand prolonged physical exercise in humans and animals. The heart adapts to the type of activity performed, and Dopplerechocardiography is the best tool for identifying these changes. Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) has providednew data on cardiovascular adaptations secondary to physical exercise in humans, information that conventional echocardiography cannot provide. Although physical activity and work in dogs are well documented, there are few studies oncardiovascular adaptations secondary to exercise in dogs, and no studies to date evaluated these adaptations using STE.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 31 dogs of the Border Collie and Ovelheiro Gaúcho Brasileiro breeds weredivided into two groups: a herding group (HG, n = 15), which performed herding activity five to six times a week for atleast 4 months, and a sedentary group (SG, n = 16), with no history of physical activity in the past twelve months. Alldogs were previously subjected to electrocardiography and blood pressure measurement. After that, the animals underwentechocardiographic examination at rest at a single time point. The data were analyzed by two-way multivariate analysisof variance (ANOVA) at a level of significance of 5% (P < 0.05) and a trend at 90% (P < 0.1). The dogs of the HG hadhigher values for left-ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) and systolic volume (SV), and lower values for leftventricular myocardial performance index (Tei index) and systolic septal movement. STE results indicated that the HGpresented lower values for strain and strain rate in some myocardial segments in the radial, circumferential, longitudinal,and transverse directions.Discussion: The increase in LVESD is justified by the increase in preload (volume) required to meet the increased oxygendemand... (AU)

Dioctophymatosis as cause of dyspnea in a dog / Dioctofimatose como causa de dispnéia em cão

Dioctophyme renale is a parasite of the nematode class that can infect various species, including humans and dogs. Usually, the parasite migrates to the right kidney of the definitive host. Although, aberrant migrations have been previously reported, they mainly occur without clinical manifestations. No reports of dyspnea secondary to D. renale infestation has been found in the reported literature. The aim of this paper is to report intense respiratory distress caused by the presence of the parasite in the thoracic cavity of a dog. Radiographic images revealed multiple circular structures with a cavity with a radiopaque, thick contour in the thorax, which raised the suspicion of pulmonary bullae. Ultrasound examination revealed nematode infestation in the right kidney, scrotum, and thoracic cavity. Subsequently, right nephrectomy, orchiectomy and trans-sternal thoracotomy were performed to remove the parasites. The patient exhibited recovery after the procedures.(AU)

Dioctophyme renale é um parasita da classe de nematoda que pode infectar diferentes espécies, incluindo humanos e cães. Normalmente, o parasita migra para o rim direito do hospedeiro definitivo. Embora migrações erráticas tenham sido relatadas anteriormente, estas geralmente ocorrem sem manifestações clínicas. Não foram encontrados relatos de dispnéia secundária à infestação de D. renale. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a presença do parasita na cavidade torácica de um cão, causando angústia respiratória. As imagens radiográficas revelaram a presença de múltiplas estruturas circulares com aspecto de cavidade e contorno espesso radiopaco no tórax, o que suscitou a suspeita de bullae pulmonar. O exame de ultra-som foi determinante na revelação de infestação múltipla por nematódeos, no rim direito, escroto e cavidade torácica. Posteriormente, como medida terapêutica, foram realizadas os procedimentos de nefrectomia direita, orquiectomia e toracotomia transesternal para remoçãodos parasitas. O paciente evoluiu clinicamente bem após os procedimentos.(AU)

Left ventricular adaptations in herding dogs

Background: Athlete’s heart syndrome comprises a set of functional and anatomic cardiac changes secondary to intenseand prolonged physical exercise in humans and animals. The heart adapts to the type of activity performed, and Dopplerechocardiography is the best tool for identifying these changes. Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) has providednew data on cardiovascular adaptations secondary to physical exercise in humans, information that conventional echocardiography cannot provide. Although physical activity and work in dogs are well documented, there are few studies oncardiovascular adaptations secondary to exercise in dogs, and no studies to date evaluated these adaptations using STE.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 31 dogs of the Border Collie and Ovelheiro Gaúcho Brasileiro breeds weredivided into two groups: a herding group (HG, n = 15), which performed herding activity five to six times a week for atleast 4 months, and a sedentary group (SG, n = 16), with no history of physical activity in the past twelve months. Alldogs were previously subjected to electrocardiography and blood pressure measurement. After that, the animals underwentechocardiographic examination at rest at a single time point. The data were analyzed by two-way multivariate analysisof variance (ANOVA) at a level of significance of 5% (P < 0.05) and a trend at 90% (P < 0.1). The dogs of the HG hadhigher values for left-ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) and systolic volume (SV), and lower values for leftventricular myocardial performance index (Tei index) and systolic septal movement. STE results indicated that the HGpresented lower values for strain and strain rate in some myocardial segments in the radial, circumferential, longitudinal,and transverse directions.Discussion: The increase in LVESD is justified by the increase in preload (volume) required to meet the increased oxygendemand...

Dioctophymatosis as cause of dyspnea in a dog / Dioctofimatose como causa de dispnéia em cão

ABSTRACT: Dioctophyme renale is a parasite of the nematode class that can infect various species, including humans and dogs. Usually, the parasite migrates to the right kidney of the definitive host. Although, aberrant migrations have been previously reported, they mainly occur without clinical manifestations. No reports of dyspnea secondary to D. renale infestation has been found in the reported literature. The aim of this paper is to report intense respiratory distress caused by the presence of the parasite in the thoracic cavity of a dog. Radiographic images revealed multiple circular structures with a cavity with a radiopaque, thick contour in the thorax, which raised the suspicion of pulmonary bullae. Ultrasound examination revealed nematode infestation in the right kidney, scrotum, and thoracic cavity. Subsequently, right nephrectomy, orchiectomy and trans-sternal thoracotomy were performed to remove the parasites. The patient exhibited recovery after the procedures.

RESUMO: Dioctophyme renale é um parasita da classe de nematoda que pode infectar diferentes espécies, incluindo humanos e cães. Normalmente, o parasita migra para o rim direito do hospedeiro definitivo. Embora migrações erráticas tenham sido relatadas anteriormente, estas geralmente ocorrem sem manifestações clínicas. Não foram encontrados relatos de dispnéia secundária à infestação de D. renale. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a presença do parasita na cavidade torácica de um cão, causando angústia respiratória. As imagens radiográficas revelaram a presença de múltiplas estruturas circulares com aspecto de cavidade e contorno espesso radiopaco no tórax, o que suscitou a suspeita de bullae pulmonar. O exame de ultra-som foi determinante na revelação de infestação múltipla por nematódeos, no rim direito, escroto e cavidade torácica. Posteriormente, como medida terapêutica, foram realizadas os procedimentos de nefrectomia direita, orquiectomia e toracotomia transesternal para remoçãodos parasitas. O paciente evoluiu clinicamente bem após os procedimentos.

Hipertrofia muscular intestinal da válvula íleo-ceco-cólica em cão / Intestinal muscular hipertrophy of ileus-cecal-colic valve in a dog

O presente relato tem o objetivo de alertar o clínico quanto à dificuldade diagnóstica e a importância da hipertrofia íleo-ceco-cólica em obstruções intestinais em cães. As obstruções intestinais são afecções frequentemente encontradas, sendo a ingestão de corpos estranhos a principal causa. A hipertrofia muscular intestinal pode ser causada por estenose ou por origem idiopática, sendo incomum na espécie canina. Os sinais clínicos são inespecíficos, havendo necessidade de exame histopatológico. Foi atendido um cão com quadro de vômito, anorexia e aquesia há 20 dias. Os estudos de imagem revelaram obstrução total na região do intestino delgado com distensão de alças, mas não foi possível elucidar a localização precisa e nem a causa da mesma. O paciente foi encaminhado para a celiotomia exploratória com suspeita de obstrução intestinal de origem a esclarecer. Durante a cirurgia, notou-se uma alteração na região da válvula íleo-ceco-cólica, e a mesma foi removida e encaminhada para análise histopatológica, que confirmou a hipertrofia muscular intestinal. No entanto, as sequelas da obstrução completa e crônica do intestino culminaram como óbito do paciente.(AU)

In the small animal clinical routine, intestinal obstructions are frequently encountrered, and foreign body intake is the main cause. However, there are other causes of digestive tract obstructions. The intestinal muscular hipertrophy can be caused by stenosis or idiopathic origin. Its frequenly reported in horse ileus, but little reported in canines. The clinical signs include emesis, diarrhea and anorexia, among other signs of intestinal obstruction, but by having nonspecific signs, there is difficulty in closing diagnosis, requiring histopathological exam. A dog with vomiting, anorexia and dyskinesia about 20 days ago was seen at HUVet. A general physical examination, complete blood count, serious biochemistry, abdominal ultrasonography and simple and contrasting abdominal radiographs were performed. The patient was referred to an exploratory laparotomy with suspected intestinal obstruction and paralytic ileus. During surgery, a change was observed in the ileus-cecal-colic valve region, and it was removed and referred for histopathological analysis, which confirmed intestinal muscular hypertrophy.(AU)

Hipertrofia muscular intestinal da válvula íleo-ceco-cólica em cão / Intestinal muscular hipertrophy of ileus-cecal-colic valve in a dog

O presente relato tem o objetivo de alertar o clínico quanto à dificuldade diagnóstica e a importância da hipertrofia íleo-ceco-cólica em obstruções intestinais em cães. As obstruções intestinais são afecções frequentemente encontradas, sendo a ingestão de corpos estranhos a principal causa. A hipertrofia muscular intestinal pode ser causada por estenose ou por origem idiopática, sendo incomum na espécie canina. Os sinais clínicos são inespecíficos, havendo necessidade de exame histopatológico. Foi atendido um cão com quadro de vômito, anorexia e aquesia há 20 dias. Os estudos de imagem revelaram obstrução total na região do intestino delgado com distensão de alças, mas não foi possível elucidar a localização precisa e nem a causa da mesma. O paciente foi encaminhado para a celiotomia exploratória com suspeita de obstrução intestinal de origem a esclarecer. Durante a cirurgia, notou-se uma alteração na região da válvula íleo-ceco-cólica, e a mesma foi removida e encaminhada para análise histopatológica, que confirmou a hipertrofia muscular intestinal. No entanto, as sequelas da obstrução completa e crônica do intestino culminaram como óbito do paciente.

In the small animal clinical routine, intestinal obstructions are frequently encountrered, and foreign body intake is the main cause. However, there are other causes of digestive tract obstructions. The intestinal muscular hipertrophy can be caused by stenosis or idiopathic origin. It’s frequenly reported in horse ileus, but little reported in canines. The clinical signs include emesis, diarrhea and anorexia, among other signs of intestinal obstruction, but by having nonspecific signs, there is difficulty in closing diagnosis, requiring histopathological exam. A dog with vomiting, anorexia and dyskinesia about 20 days ago was seen at HUVet. A general physical examination, complete blood count, serious biochemistry, abdominal ultrasonography and simple and contrasting abdominal radiographs were performed. The patient was referred to an exploratory laparotomy with suspected intestinal obstruction and paralytic ileus. During surgery, a change was observed in the ileus-cecal-colic valve region, and it was removed and referred for histopathological analysis, which confirmed intestinal muscular hypertrophy.

Dermatophytosis due to Microsporum nanum infection in a canine / Dermatofitose por Microsporum nanum em um canino

Miscrosporum nanum is a dermatophyte found in swine that causes non-pruritic lesions with desquamation, alopecia, and circular characteristics. M. nanum infection in dogs is rare and poorly understood in terms of its epidemiological and clinical features, and its therapeutic response. The present report describes a case of dermatophytosis due to M. nanum in a Dogo Argentino breed of dog that was used for wild boar hunting. The dermatophytosis presented with hypotrichosis, erythema, and non-pruritic desquamation in the back of the neck and chest area. The dermatophytosis was responsive to systemic treatment with itraconazole and topical (miconazole 2%) for 60 days. Thus, we conclude that the practice of hunting wild boar should be considered as a possible source of infection of M. nanum in the reported dog. The M. nanum infection showed clinical features that were similar to the lesions observed in swine, except for the absence of the circular pattern, and showed a good clinical response to the therapy. Finally, M. nanum should be considered as an etiologic agent of dermatophytosis in dogs that in some manner have had direct contact with domestic or wild swine.(AU)

O Miscrosporum nanum é um dermatófito encontrado em suídeos, promovendo lesões não pruriginosas, com características descamativas, alopécicas e circulares. A infecção de cães é rara e pouco compreendida em seus aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e terapêuticos. O presente relato tem por objetivo descrever um caso de dermatofitose por M. nanum em um cão Dogo Argentino, utilizado na prática de caça à javali, apresentando hipotricose, eritema e descamação não pruriginosa da região dorsal do pescoço e tórax, responsivo ao tratamento sistêmico com itraconazol, associado ao tópico (miconazol 2%), durante 60 dias. Desta forma, concluímos que a prática de caça à suínos selvagens deve ser considerada a possível fonte de infecção de M. nanum no cão relatado, o qual apresentou características clínicas semelhantes às lesões observadas em suínos, exceto pela ausência do padrão circular, com boa resposta clínica à terapia empregada. Por fim, o M. nanum deve ser considerado como agente etiológico da dermatofitose em cães que, de alguma forma, possuam contato direto com suídeos domésticos ou selvagens.(AU)

Tetralogia de Fallot em cão - relato de caso / Tetralogy of Fallot in a dog - case report / Tetralogía de Fallot en perro - relato de caso

La tetralogía de Fallot es una enfermedad congénita rara, caracterizada por estenosis de la válvula pulmonar, hipertrofia ventricular derecha, comunicación interventricular y dextroposición de la arteria aorta. La fisiopatología y las características clínicas con que se presenta dependen principalmente del grado de obstrucción de la arteria pulmonar. Desde el punto de vista clínico, los animales presentan cianosis, resistencia al ejercicio, disnea y síncopes. El diagnóstico definitivo y el pronóstico se obtienen mediante ecocardiografía (Doppler). Si bien la cirugía es el único método efectivo de tratamiento, en casos menos graves, existen medicamentos que actúan de manera paliativa. Este trabajo relata el caso de un perro mestizo de once meses con diagnóstico de tetralogía de Fallot, haciendo énfasis en la ecocardiografia (Doppler) como método de diagnóstico definitivo.(AU)

Tetralogy of Fallot is a rare congenital disease consisting of pulmonary valve stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular septal defect and aortic dextroposition. Pathophysiological consequences and clinical presentation depend mainly on the degree of pulmonary artery obstruction. Symptoms include cyanosis, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, and syncope. Definitive diagnosis and prognosis are obtained by Doppler echocardiography. Surgery is the only effective method of treatment, however, pharmacotherapy may be indicated as palliative treatment in mild cases of the disease. This work reports on the case of an eleven-month-old mongrel, diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot and highlights the importance of Doppler echocardiography as the definitive diagnostic tool for this disease.(AU)

A tetralogia de Fallot é urna rara doença congênita, definida por estenose da valva pulmonar, hipertrofia ventricular direita, defeito do septo interventricular e dextroposição da aorta. Suas consequências fisiopatológicas, assim como a apresentação clínica, dependem principalmente do grau de obstrução da artéria pulmonar. Clinicamente, os animais apresentam cianose, intolerância ao exercício, dispneia e síncopes. O diagnóstico definitivo e o prognóstico são obtidos por meio da ecodopplercardiografia. A cirurgia é o único método efetivo para o tratamento; no entanto, em casos brandos, a terapia medicamentosa pode ser indicada como forma paliativa. O presente trabalho relata o caso de um cão de onze meses de idade, sem raça definida, diagnosticado com tetralogia de Fallot, enfatizando a ecoclopplercardiografia como método diagnóstico definitivo da doença.(AU)

Dermatophytosis due to Microsporum nanum infection in a canine / Dermatofitose por Microsporum nanum em um canino

Miscrosporum nanum is a dermatophyte found in swine that causes non-pruritic lesions with desquamation, alopecia, and circular characteristics. M. nanum infection in dogs is rare and poorly understood in terms of its epidemiological and clinical features, and its therapeutic response. The present report describes a case of dermatophytosis due to M. nanum in a Dogo Argentino breed of dog that was used for wild boar hunting. The dermatophytosis presented with hypotrichosis, erythema, and non-pruritic desquamation in the back of the neck and chest area. The dermatophytosis was responsive to systemic treatment with itraconazole and topical (miconazole 2%) for 60 days. Thus, we conclude that the practice of hunting wild boar should be considered as a possible source of infection of M. nanum in the reported dog. The M. nanum infection showed clinical features that were similar to the lesions observed in swine, except for the absence of the circular pattern, and showed a good clinical response to the therapy. Finally, M. nanum should be considered as an etiologic agent of dermatophytosis in dogs that in some manner have had direct contact with domestic or wild swine.

O Miscrosporum nanum é um dermatófito encontrado em suídeos, promovendo lesões não pruriginosas, com características descamativas, alopécicas e circulares. A infecção de cães é rara e pouco compreendida em seus aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e terapêuticos. O presente relato tem por objetivo descrever um caso de dermatofitose por M. nanum em um cão Dogo Argentino, utilizado na prática de caça à javali, apresentando hipotricose, eritema e descamação não pruriginosa da região dorsal do pescoço e tórax, responsivo ao tratamento sistêmico com itraconazol, associado ao tópico (miconazol 2%), durante 60 dias. Desta forma, concluímos que a prática de caça à suínos selvagens deve ser considerada a possível fonte de infecção de M. nanum no cão relatado, o qual apresentou características clínicas semelhantes às lesões observadas em suínos, exceto pela ausência do padrão circular, com boa resposta clínica à terapia empregada. Por fim, o M. nanum deve ser considerado como agente etiológico da dermatofitose em cães que, de alguma forma, possuam contato direto com suídeos domésticos ou selvagens.

Tetralogia de Fallot em cão - relato de caso / Tetralogy of Fallot in a dog - case report / Tetralogía de Fallot en perro - relato de caso

La tetralogía de Fallot es una enfermedad congénita rara, caracterizada por estenosis de la válvula pulmonar, hipertrofia ventricular derecha, comunicación interventricular y dextroposición de la arteria aorta. La fisiopatología y las características clínicas con que se presenta dependen principalmente del grado de obstrucción de la arteria pulmonar. Desde el punto de vista clínico, los animales presentan cianosis, resistencia al ejercicio, disnea y síncopes. El diagnóstico definitivo y el pronóstico se obtienen mediante ecocardiografía (Doppler). Si bien la cirugía es el único método efectivo de tratamiento, en casos menos graves, existen medicamentos que actúan de manera paliativa. Este trabajo relata el caso de un perro mestizo de once meses con diagnóstico de tetralogía de Fallot, haciendo énfasis en la ecocardiografia (Doppler) como método de diagnóstico definitivo.

Tetralogy of Fallot is a rare congenital disease consisting of pulmonary valve stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular septal defect and aortic dextroposition. Pathophysiological consequences and clinical presentation depend mainly on the degree of pulmonary artery obstruction. Symptoms include cyanosis, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, and syncope. Definitive diagnosis and prognosis are obtained by Doppler echocardiography. Surgery is the only effective method of treatment, however, pharmacotherapy may be indicated as palliative treatment in mild cases of the disease. This work reports on the case of an eleven-month-old mongrel, diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot and highlights the importance of Doppler echocardiography as the definitive diagnostic tool for this disease.

A tetralogia de Fallot é urna rara doença congênita, definida por estenose da valva pulmonar, hipertrofia ventricular direita, defeito do septo interventricular e dextroposição da aorta. Suas consequências fisiopatológicas, assim como a apresentação clínica, dependem principalmente do grau de obstrução da artéria pulmonar. Clinicamente, os animais apresentam cianose, intolerância ao exercício, dispneia e síncopes. O diagnóstico definitivo e o prognóstico são obtidos por meio da ecodopplercardiografia. A cirurgia é o único método efetivo para o tratamento; no entanto, em casos brandos, a terapia medicamentosa pode ser indicada como forma paliativa. O presente trabalho relata o caso de um cão de onze meses de idade, sem raça definida, diagnosticado com tetralogia de Fallot, enfatizando a ecoclopplercardiografia como método diagnóstico definitivo da doença.

Dermatophytosis due to Microsporum nanum infection in a canine / Dermatofitose por Microsporum nanum em um canino

Miscrosporum nanum is a dermatophyte found in swine that causes non-pruritic lesions with desquamation, alopecia, and circular characteristics. M. nanum infection in dogs is rare and poorly understood in terms of its epidemiological and clinical features, and its therapeutic response. The present report describes a case of dermatophytosis due to M. nanum in a Dogo Argentino breed of dog that was used for wild boar hunting. The dermatophytosis presented with hypotrichosis, erythema, and non-pruritic desquamation in the back of the neck and chest area. The dermatophytosis was responsive to systemic treatment with itraconazole and topical (miconazole 2%) for 60 days. Thus, we conclude that the practice of hunting wild boar should be considered as a possible source of infection of M. nanum in the reported dog. The M. nanum infection showed clinical features that were similar to the lesions observed in swine, except for the absence of the circular pattern, and showed a good clinical response to the therapy. Finally, M. nanum should be considered as an etiologic agent of dermatophytosis in dogs that in some manner have had direct contact with domestic or wild swine.

O Miscrosporum nanum é um dermatófito encontrado em suídeos, promovendo lesões não pruriginosas, com características descamativas, alopécicas e circulares. A infecção de cães é rara e pouco compreendida em seus aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e terapêuticos. O presente relato tem por objetivo descrever um caso de dermatofitose por M. nanum em um cão Dogo Argentino, utilizado na prática de caça à javali, apresentando hipotricose, eritema e descamação não pruriginosa da região dorsal do pescoço e tórax, responsivo ao tratamento sistêmico com itraconazol, associado ao tópico (miconazol 2%), durante 60 dias. Desta forma, concluímos que a prática de caça à suínos selvagens deve ser considerada a possível fonte de infecção de M. nanum no cão relatado, o qual apresentou características clínicas semelhantes às lesões observadas em suínos, exceto pela ausência do padrão circular, com boa resposta clínica à terapia empregada. Por fim, o M. nanum deve ser considerado como agente etiológico da dermatofitose em cães que, de alguma forma, possuam contato direto com suídeos domésticos ou selvagens.

Feline demodicosis by Demodex cati / Demodiciose felina por Demodex cati

Background: Feline demodicosis is considered an uncommon dermatopathy in cats that is mainly caused by the mite Demodex cati, but in few cases D. gatoi may be involved. Although the clinical aspects and pathogeny of feline demodicosis are not completely understood, its clinical expression is believed to be associated with the presence of primary immunosuppressive agents. Thus, the aim of this study is to report the diagnosis and treatment of an infested cat by D. cati, associated with mixed intestinal parasitic infection.Case: An approximately 1-year-old male short hair cat which was grown in a rural area was presented at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Pampa (Unipampa) in Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul. The cat had alopecia, itching, excoriations on neck and head, and softened feces as clinical signs. Performed skin scrapings revealed eggs, larvae and adult forms of D. cati. In order to find possible immunosuppressive agents, exams for detection of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) were also performed. They revealed, however, negative results for FIV and FeLV infections. Moreover, coproparasitologic analysis revealed the presence of the intestinal parasites Trichuris sp., Ancylostoma sp., and Spirometra mansonoides. Thus, it was decided to proceed the treatment utilizing 0.2 mg/kg of moxidectin subcutaneously every four [...](AU)

Feline demodicosis by Demodex cati / Demodiciose felina por Demodex cati

Background: Feline demodicosis is considered an uncommon dermatopathy in cats that is mainly caused by the mite Demodex cati, but in few cases D. gatoi may be involved. Although the clinical aspects and pathogeny of feline demodicosis are not completely understood, its clinical expression is believed to be associated with the presence of primary immunosuppressive agents. Thus, the aim of this study is to report the diagnosis and treatment of an infested cat by D. cati, associated with mixed intestinal parasitic infection.Case: An approximately 1-year-old male short hair cat which was grown in a rural area was presented at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Pampa (Unipampa) in Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul. The cat had alopecia, itching, excoriations on neck and head, and softened feces as clinical signs. Performed skin scrapings revealed eggs, larvae and adult forms of D. cati. In order to find possible immunosuppressive agents, exams for detection of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) were also performed. They revealed, however, negative results for FIV and FeLV infections. Moreover, coproparasitologic analysis revealed the presence of the intestinal parasites Trichuris sp., Ancylostoma sp., and Spirometra mansonoides. Thus, it was decided to proceed the treatment utilizing 0.2 mg/kg of moxidectin subcutaneously every four [...]

Dicloridrato de betaistina na síndrome vestibular periférica canina / Betahistine dihydrochloride in canine peripheral vestibular syndrome

A síndrome vestibular periférica é uma condição clínica comum em cães. Várias doenças podem causar essa síndrome. Entretanto, sua patofisiologia ainda é pouco conhecida. As alterações clínicas geralmente são autolimitantes, a recuperação pode ser longa e, em casos crônicos, os déficits neurológicos podem ser irreversíveis. Em medicina veterinária, há poucas opções terapêuticas. Na Medicina, o dicloridrato de betaístina é amplamente utilizado. Essa medicação foi empregada em seis cães com síndrome vestibular periférica. Os resultados mostraram melhora clínica com sete a dez dias de tratamento e recuperação quase completa entre vinte e trinta dias. Este trabalho descreve a utilização da betaistina em cães com síndrome vestibular periférica, a rápida melhora clínica e ausência de efeitos adversos. Os resultados obtidos parecem justificar o uso de dicloridrato de betaistina na terapia de distúrbios vestibulares periféricos em animais de companhia.

Vestibular disease is a common syndrome in small animals that may resulst of central or peripheral disease. The pathophysiology of peripheral vestibular syndrome is unknown, however it can be related to an abnormal dynamic of endolymphatic fluid or neuritis of the vestibular portion of the VIII cranial nerve. The recovery of neurological sings is slow and, in chronic cases, the neurological deficits can be irreversible. In veterinary medicine, thera are few medical options to treat this condition, however, in Medicine, betahistine dihydrochloride is used to treat peripheral vestibular disorders. These drug was used in four dogs with vestibular syndrome. The results showed clinical improvement in 7 to 10 days of treatment and completed recovery in 20 to 30 days, followed by the cure. One year after the treatment, the dogs did not have recurrence of the syndrome. This report shows the use of betahistine dihydrochloride in dogs with peripheral vestibular syndrome, with rapid clinical recover, without laboratorial abnormalities or recurrence of the clinical signs .The results encourage the use of betahistine dihydrochloride in the treatment of peripheral vestibular disorders in small animals.

Dicloridrato de betaistina na síndrome vestibular periférica canina / Betahistine dihydrochloride in canine peripheral vestibular syndrome

A síndrome vestibular periférica é uma condição clínica comum em cães. Várias doenças podem causar essa síndrome. Entretanto, sua patofisiologia ainda é pouco conhecida. As alterações clínicas geralmente são autolimitantes, a recuperação pode ser longa e, em casos crônicos, os déficits neurológicos podem ser irreversíveis. Em medicina veterinária, há poucas opções terapêuticas. Na Medicina, o dicloridrato de betaístina é amplamente utilizado. Essa medicação foi empregada em seis cães com síndrome vestibular periférica. Os resultados mostraram melhora clínica com sete a dez dias de tratamento e recuperação quase completa entre vinte e trinta dias. Este trabalho descreve a utilização da betaistina em cães com síndrome vestibular periférica, a rápida melhora clínica e ausência de efeitos adversos. Os resultados obtidos parecem justificar o uso de dicloridrato de betaistina na terapia de distúrbios vestibulares periféricos em animais de companhia.(AU)

Vestibular disease is a common syndrome in small animals that may resulst of central or peripheral disease. The pathophysiology of peripheral vestibular syndrome is unknown, however it can be related to an abnormal dynamic of endolymphatic fluid or neuritis of the vestibular portion of the VIII cranial nerve. The recovery of neurological sings is slow and, in chronic cases, the neurological deficits can be irreversible. In veterinary medicine, thera are few medical options to treat this condition, however, in Medicine, betahistine dihydrochloride is used to treat peripheral vestibular disorders. These drug was used in four dogs with vestibular syndrome. The results showed clinical improvement in 7 to 10 days of treatment and completed recovery in 20 to 30 days, followed by the cure. One year after the treatment, the dogs did not have recurrence of the syndrome. This report shows the use of betahistine dihydrochloride in dogs with peripheral vestibular syndrome, with rapid clinical recover, without laboratorial abnormalities or recurrence of the clinical signs .The results encourage the use of betahistine dihydrochloride in the treatment of peripheral vestibular disorders in small animals.(AU)