[Multiple endocrine neoplasia and very early onset inflammatory bowel disease. An unexpected association]. / Neoplasia endócrina múltiple y enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal de inicio muy temprano. Una asociación inesperada.

Very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEOIBD) is a rare entity in pediatrics. Its association with primary immunodeficiencies of monogenic origin is known. We present the case of a patient diagnosed with VEOIBD who underwent massive paralleled exome sequencing. The result of the study showed a pathogenic variant in the RET proto-oncogene, associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A disease. There are no previous reports of association of RET proto-oncogene variants with VEOIBD. The presence of these two clinical entities cannot be attributed to a single genetic cause.

La enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal de inicio muy temprano (VEOIBD) es una entidad rara en pediatría. Es conocida su asociación con inmunodeficiencias primarias de origen monogénico. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con diagnóstico de VEOIBD a quien se le realizó una secuenciación masiva del exoma. El resultado del estudio permitió identificar una variante patogénica en el proto oncogen RET, asociada con enfermedad neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 2A. No hay reportes de asociación de variantes en el proto oncogen RET con VEOIBD. No se puede adjudicar la presencia de estas dos entidades clínicas a una única causa genética.

Communication of medical errors in a simulated clinical scenario. Experience with a pediatric residency group.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the performance of groups of pediatric residents from a Buenos Aires hospital, in terms of correct recognition and communication of a medical error (ME), in a high-fidelity simulation scenario. To describe the reactions and communication attempts following the ME and the self-perception by the trainees before and after a debriefing. METHODS: Quasi-experimental uncontrolled study conducted in a simulation center. First- and third-year pediatric residents participated. We designed a simulation case in which an ME occurred and the patient deteriorated. During the simulation, participants had to provide information on communicating the ME to the patient's father. We assessed communication performance and, additionally, participants completed a self-perception survey about ME management before and after a debriefing. RESULTS: Eleven groups of residents participated. Ten (90.9%) identified the ME correctly, but only 27.3% (n=3) of them reported that a ME had occurred. None of the groups told the father they were going to give him important news concerning his son's health. All 18 residents who actively participated in this communication completed the self-perception survey, with an average score before and after debriefing of 5.00 and 5.05 (out of 10) (p=0.88). CONCLUSIONS: We observed a high number of groups that recognized the presence of a ME, but the communication action was substantially low. Communication skills were insufficient and residents' self-perception of error management was regular and not modified by the debriefing.

Communication of medical errors in a simulated clinical scenario. Experience with a pediatric residency group / Comunicação de erros médicos em cenário clínico simulado. Experiência com residentes em Pediatria

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the performance of groups of pediatric residents from a Buenos Aires hospital, in terms of correct recognition and communication of a medical error (ME), in a high-fidelity simulation scenario. To describe the reactions and communication attempts following the ME and the self-perception by the trainees before and after a debriefing. Methods: Quasi-experimental uncontrolled study conducted in a simulation center. First- and third-year pediatric residents participated. We designed a simulation case in which an ME occurred and the patient deteriorated. During the simulation, participants had to provide information on communicating the ME to the patient's father. We assessed communication performance and, additionally, participants completed a self-perception survey about ME management before and after a debriefing. Results: Eleven groups of residents participated. Ten (90.9%) identified the ME correctly, but only 27.3% (n=3) of them reported that a ME had occurred. None of the groups told the father they were going to give him important news concerning his son's health. All 18 residents who actively participated in this communication completed the self-perception survey, with an average score before and after debriefing of 5.00 and 5.05 (out of 10) (p=0.88). Conclusions: We observed a high number of groups that recognized the presence of a ME, but the communication action was substantially low. Communication skills were insufficient and residents' self-perception of error management was regular and not modified by the debriefing.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar o desempenho de grupos de residentes pediátricos de um hospital de Buenos Aires, em termos de reconhecimento e comunicação correta de um erro médico (EM),em cenário de simulação. Descrever as reações e tentativas de comunicação após o EM e a autopercepção pelos estagiários antes e depois de um questionário. Métodos: Estudo quase experimental não controlado realizado em centro de simulação. Participaram residentes pediátricos do primeiro e terceiro anos. Concebeu-se um caso de simulação em que ocorreu um EM com deterioração de um paciente. Durante a simulação, os participantes tiveram que fornecer informações relacionadas à comunicação do EM ao pai do paciente. Avaliou-se o desempenho da comunicação e, adicionalmente, os participantes completaram um inquérito de autopercepção sobre a gestão da EM, antes e depois de um questionário. Resultados: Onze grupos de residentes participaram. Dez (90,9%) identificaram corretamente o EM, mas apenas 27,3% (n=3) deles comunicaram que havia ocorrido o EM. Nenhum dos grupos disse ao pai que iria dar notícias importantes sobre a saúde do seu filho. Todos os 18 residentes que participaram ativamente da comunicação completaram o questionário de autopercepção com uma pontuação média antes e depois do questionário de 5,00 e 5,05 (máximo: 10 pontos) (p=0,88). Conclusões: Observamos elevado número de grupos que reconheceram a presença de um EM, mas a ação de comunicação foi rara. A capacidade de comunicação foi insuficiente e a autopercepção da gestão de erros por parte dos residentes foi regular, não sendo modificada pelo debriefing.

Encefalitis inmunomediada en un niño con antecedente de infección por SARS-CoV-2 n / Immune-mediated encephalitis in a child with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infectio

Las encefalitis son cuadros clínicos frecuentes en la edad pediátrica. Pueden dividirse en aquellas causadas por la infección del sistema nervioso central y en las de etiología inmunomediada (algunas de las cuales pueden ser para- o posinfecciosas). En marzo de 2020 la Organización Mundial de la Salud declaró la pandemia por el coronavirus de tipo 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2, por su sigla en inglés). Los reportes pediátricos de enfermedad por dicho agente describen una amplia gama de manifestaciones clínicas: compromiso respiratorio, gastrointestinal, síntomas neurológicos, entre otros; y el síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a COVID-19 (SIM-C). Describimos el caso de un niño de 2 años con diagnóstico de encefalitis por anticuerpos antirreceptor N-metil-d-aspartato (anti-NMDAR), en quien se comprobó, mediante serología, una infección reciente por SARS-CoV-2. La presencia de marcadores serológicos positivos para SARS-CoV-2 en un paciente que presentó encefalitis por anticuerpos anti-NMDAR podría interpretarse como una asociación temporal, estableciéndose la posibilidad de que el virus haya actuado como gatillo de una enfermedad autoinmunitaria.

Encephalitis are frequent clinical pictures in pediatric age. They can be divided into those caused by infection of the central nervous system and those of immune-mediated etiology (some of which may be para- or post-infectious). In March 2020, the WHO declared a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Pediatric reports of disease caused by this agent describe a wide range of clinical manifestations: respiratory and gastrointestinal compromise, neurological symptoms, among others; and a multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C).We describe the case of a 2-year-old boy with a diagnosis of anti-NMDAR antibody encephalitis, in whom a recent SARSCoV-2 infection was serologically proven. The presence of positive serological markers for SARS-CoV-2 in a patient who presented encephalitis due to anti-NMDAR antibodies could be interpreted as a temporal association; establishing the possibility that the virus has acted as a trigger for an autoimmune disease

[Immune-mediated encephalitis in a child with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection]. / Encefalitis inmunomediada en un niño con antecedente de infección por SARS-CoV-2.

Encephalitis are frequent clinical pictures in pediatric age. They can be divided into those caused by infection of the central nervous system and those of immune-mediated etiology (some of which may be para- or post-infectious). In March 2020, the WHO declared a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Pediatric reports of disease caused by this agent describe a wide range of clinical manifestations: respiratory and gastrointestinal compromise, neurological symptoms, among others; and a multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C). We describe the case of a 2-year-old boy with a diagnosis of anti-NMDAR antibody encephalitis, in whom a recent SARS-CoV-2 infection was serologically proven. The presence of positive serological markers for SARS-CoV-2 in a patient who presented encephalitis due to anti-NMDAR antibodies could be interpreted as a temporal association; establishing the possibility that the virus has acted as a trigger for an autoimmune disease.

Las encefalitis son cuadros clínicos frecuentes en la edad pediátrica. Pueden dividirse en aquellas causadas por la infección del sistema nervioso central y en las de etiología inmunomediada (algunas de las cuales pueden ser para- o posinfecciosas). En marzo de 2020 la Organización Mundial de la Salud declaró la pandemia por el coronavirus de tipo 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2, por su sigla en inglés). Los reportes pediátricos de enfermedad por dicho agente describen una amplia gama de manifestaciones clínicas: compromiso respiratorio, gastrointestinal, síntomas neurológicos, entre otros; y el síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a COVID-19 (SIM-C). Describimos el caso de un niño de 2 años con diagnóstico de encefalitis por anticuerpos antirreceptor N-metil-d-aspartato (anti-NMDAR), en quien se comprobó, mediante serología, una infección reciente por SARS-CoV-2. La presencia de marcadores serológicos positivos para SARS-CoV-2 en un paciente que presentó encefalitis por anticuerpos anti-NMDAR podría interpretarse como una asociación temporal, estableciéndose la posibilidad de que el virus haya actuado como gatillo de una enfermedad autoinmunitaria.

Diffusion of dye after perineural injection of the palmar/plantar nerves in two different sites in horses: an ex-vivo study.

This study aimed to evaluate the distribution of dye at two perineural injection sites of the palmar/plantar nerves and describe their anatomical variations of positioning at the level of the distal metacarpus/metatarsus in horses. Two ml of 1% methylene blue solution was injected in 24 limbs (12 forelimbs and 12 hindlimbs) of horse cadavers at two different points: Group 1: between the branch of the suspensory ligament and deep digital flexor tendon, and Group 2: between the deep and superficial digital flexor tendons. This was followed by dissection and evaluation of the solution diffusion. A photographic record and description of the anatomical position of the palmar/plantar nerve were performed. A comparison of diffusion directions in each portion (medial or lateral) between groups showed no statistical difference (P > 0.05), except in the dorsal direction on the medial portion of hindlimbs, which was higher in Group 2 (P = 0.025). The digital flexor tendon sheath was inadvertently injected four times into the forelimbs of Group 2. Both injection sites offered good dye contact with the palmar/plantar nerves, with the position between the deep digital flexor tendon and suspensory ligament branch having a higher contact area, regardless of the limb portion. The anatomical position of the palmar/plantar nerve in the cadaver specimens was similar between the same limb portions.

Relevamiento de drogas en carros de emergencia de un hospital pediátrico. Estudio antes-después de una intervención educativa / Assessment of emergency trolley drugs in a children's hospital. Before and after study on an educational intervention

Introducción. El abordaje de las emergencias pediátricas requiere recursos especializados y son frecuentes los errores relacionados con la medicación.Objetivos. Describir el contenido de los carros de emergencia (CE) en un hospital pediátrico y compararlo luego de una intervención educativa.Métodos. Se incluyeron CE de 9 salas de internación. Se elaboró una lista de cotejo con 30 drogas. Se relevaron los CE determinando presencia o ausencia de drogas y si las cantidades eran suficientes. Luego se realizó una intervención educativa y relevamientos 30 y 90 días posintervención.Resultados. La medición basal arrojó una proporción global de drogas adecuadas del 43,9 % (intervalo de confianza ­IC­ del 95 %: 38,4-49,4) con una variación entre CE del 29 % al 54,8 % y del 15 % al 85 % en los grupos de drogas. A los 30 días, la proporción correcta alcanzó el 70,3 % (IC 95 %: 65,2-75,4), con amplia variación entre los diferentes CE y grupos de drogas (del 51,6 % al 93,5 % y del 50 % al 95 %, respectivamente). A los 90 días, los porcentajes fueron similares. La comparación entre la primera y segunda medición mostró mejoría en todos los CE (rango: del 3,2 % al 45,1 %), odds ratio 3,73 (IC 95 %: 2,5-5,6), p < 0,001. Los resultados fueron similares entre la segunda y tercera medición.Conclusiones. En la medición inicial, se evidenció bajo nivel de adecuación de drogas de los CE. Luego de la intervención, mejoró significativamente y se mantuvo durante el período evaluado.

Introduction. The approach to pediatric emergencies requires specialized resources, and medication errors are common.Objectives. To describe the contents of emergency trolleys (ETs) in a children's hospital and compare them after an educational intervention.Methods. The ETs from 9 hospitalization wards were included. A checklist of 30 drugs was developed. ETs were assessed by determining whether drugs were present or absent and their amount. An educational intervention was conducted and assessments were repeated 30 and 90 days after the intervention.Results. The baseline measurement indicated an overall ratio of adequate drugs of 43.9 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 38.4-49.4) with a variation among ETs from 29 % to 54.8 %, and from 15 % to 85 % among drug groups. At 30 days, the adequate ratio reached 70.3 % (95 % CI: 65.2-75.4), with a wide variation among the different ETs and drug groups (from 51.6 % to 93.5 % and from 50 % to 95 %, respectively). At 90 days, the percentages were similar. The comparison between the first and second measurementshowed an improvement in all ETs (range: 3.2 %-45.1 %), odds ratio: 3.73 (95 % CI: 2.5-5.6), p < 0.001. Results were similar between the second and third measurement.Conclusions. The baseline measurement showed a low level of adequate ET drugs. After the intervention, this improved significantly and was maintained during the studied period

Assessment of emergency trolley drugs in a children's hospital. Before and after study on an educational intervention. / Relevamiento de drogas en carros de emergencia de un hospital pediátrico. Estudio antes-después de una intervención educativa.

INTRODUCTION: The approach to pediatric emergencies requires specialized resources, and medication errors are common. OBJECTIVES: To describe the contents of emergency trolleys (ETs) in a children's hospital and compare them after an educational intervention. METHODS: The ETs from 9 hospitalization wards were included. A checklist of 30 drugs was developed. ETs were assessed by determining whether drugs were present or absent and their amount. An educational intervention was conducted and assessments were repeated 30 and 90 days after the intervention. RESULTS: The baseline measurement indicated an overall ratio of adequate drugs of 43.9 % (95 % confidence interval [Cl]: 38.4-49.4) with a variation among ETs from 29 % to 54.8 %, and from 15 % to 85 % among drug groups. At 30 days, the adequate ratio reached 70.3 % (95 % CI: 65.275.4), with a wide variation among the different ETs and drug groups (from 51.6 % to 93.5 % and from 50 % to 95 %, respectively). At 90 days, the percentages were similar. The comparison between the first and second measurement showed an improvement in all ETs (range: 3.2 %-45.1 %), odds ratio: 3.73 (95 % CI: 2.5-5.6), p < 0.001. Results were similar between the second and third measurement. CONCLUSIONS: The baseline measurement showed a low level of adequate ET drugs. After the intervention, this improved significantly and was maintained during the studied period.

Introducción. El abordaje de las emergencias pediátricas requiere recursos especializados y son frecuentes los errores relacionados con la medicación. Objetivos. Describir el contenido de los carros de emergencia (CE) en un hospital pediátrico y compararlo luego de una intervención educativa. Métodos. Se incluyeron CE de 9 salas de internación. Se elaboró una lista de cotejo con 30 drogas. Se relevaron los CE determinando presencia o ausencia de drogas y si las cantidades eran suficientes. Luego se realizó una intervención educativa y relevamientos 30 y 90 días posintervención. Resultados. La medición basal arrojó una proporción global de drogas adecuadas del 43,9 % (intervalo de confianza -IC- del 95 %: 38,449,4) con una variación entre CE del 29 % al 54,8 % y del 15 % al 85 % en los grupos de drogas. A los 30 días, la proporción correcta alcanzó el 70,3 % (IC 95 %: 65,2-75,4), con amplia variación entre los diferentes CE y grupos de drogas (del 51,6 % al 93,5 % y del 50 % al 95 %, respectivamente). A los 90 días, los porcentajes fueron similares. La comparación entre la primera y segunda medición mostró mejoría en todos los CE (rango: del 3,2 % al 45,1 %), odds ratio 3,73 (IC 95 %: 2,55,6), p < 0,001. Los resultados fueron similares entre la segunda y tercera medición. Conclusiones. En la medición inicial, se evidenció bajo nivel de adecuación de drogas de los CE. Luego de la intervención, mejoró significativamente y se mantuvo durante el período evaluado.

Pesquisa sobre vacunación y oportunidades de prevención y educación para la salud: Experiencia en una residencia pediátrica mediante el Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise / Vaccination status inquiry and hierarchy of prevention and health education opportunities: Experience in a Pediatric Residency using the Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise

Introducción. El Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) es una herramienta formativa. Dentro de sus ítems, evalúa la pesquisa del estado de vacunación y la jerarquización de oportunidades de prevención. Objetivos. Determinar porcentaje de pesquisa de dichos ítems en controles de salud y demanda. Comparar desempeño entre primer y tercer año. Materiales y métodos. Análisis retrospectivo de las planillas del Mini-CEX de residentes. Resultados. Se evaluaron 119 residentes. La prevalencia de pesquisa de vacunación en controles fue 94,9% (intervalo de confianza -IC-: 91,09-98,91); en demanda, 73,1% (IC: 65,2-81; OR 5,33; IC: 2,23-12,75; p= 0,00004). La prevalencia de aprovechamiento de oportunidades en controles fue 69,8% (IC: 61,6-78); en demanda, 62,2% (IC: 53,5-70,9; OR 1,034; IC: 0,46382,306; p= 0,4673). En 32 residentes se comparó su desempeño entre primer y tercer año en demandas, sin diferencia significativa. Conclusiones. Se detectó alta prevalencia de pesquisa de vacunación y menor prevalencia de aprovechamiento de oportunidades en controles, con menor pesquisa de ambos ítems en demandas.

Introduction. The Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) is a formative tool with two descriptors assessing the inquiry of vaccination status and the hierarchy of prevention opportunities. Objectives. Determine the prevalence of both items in pediatric controls and spontaneous demands. Compare the performance between first and third year of their training. Material and methods. Retrospective analysis based on trainees Mini-CEX charts. Results. There were 119 residents evaluated during their first year. The prevalence of vaccination status screening in controls was 94.9% (confidence interval -CI-: 91.09-98.91); in demands 73.1% (CI: 65.2-81; OR 5.33; CI: 2.2312.75; p 0.00004). The prevalence of prevention opportunities in controls was 69.8% (CI: 61.678); in demands 62.2% (CI: 53.5-70.9; OR 1.034; CI: 0.4638-2.306; p= 0.4673). There were 32 trainees compared between their first and third year performance in demands, without significant difference. Conclusions. We found high prevalence of vaccination inquiry and lower prevalence of hierarchization of prevention opportunities in controls, with less inquiry in demands.

[Evaluation Exercise Vaccination status inquiry and hierarchy of prevention and health education opportunities. Experience in a Pediatric Residency using the Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise]. / Pesquisa sobre vacunación y oportunidades de prevención y educación para la salud. Experiencia en una residencia pediátrica mediante el Mini-Clinical.

INTRODUCTION: The Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) is a formative tool with two descriptors assessing the inquiry of vaccination status and the hierarchy of prevention opportunities. Objectives. Determine the prevalence of both items in pediatric controls and spontaneous demands. Compare the performance between first and third year of their training. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis based on trainees Mini-CEX charts. RESULTS: There were 119 residents evaluated during their first year. The prevalence of vaccination status screening in controls was 94.9% (confidence interval -CI-: 91.09-98.91); in demands 73.1% (CI: 65.2-81; OR 5.33; CI: 2.23- 12.75; p 0.00004). The prevalence of prevention opportunities in controls was 69.8% (CI: 61.6- 78); in demands 62.2% (CI: 53.5-70.9; OR 1.034; CI: 0.4638-2.306; p= 0.4673). There were 32 trainees compared between their first and third year performance in demands, without significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: We found high prevalence of vaccination inquiry and lower prevalence of hierarchization of prevention opportunities in controls, with less inquiry in demands.

Introducción. El Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) es una herramienta formativa. Dentro de sus ítems, evalúa la pesquisa del estado de vacunación y la jerarquización de oportunidades de prevención. Objetivos. Determinar porcentaje de pesquisa de dichos ítems en controles de salud y demanda. Comparar desempeño entre primer y tercer año. Materiales y métodos. Análisis retrospectivo de las planillas del Mini-CEX de residentes. Resultados. Se evaluaron 119 residentes. La prevalencia de pesquisa de vacunación en controles fue 94,9% (intervalo de confianza ­IC­: 91,09-98,91); en demanda, 73,1% (IC: 65,2-81; OR 5,33; IC: 2,23-12,75; p= 0,00004). La prevalencia de aprovechamiento de oportunidades en controles fue 69,8% (IC: 61,6-78); en demanda, 62,2% (IC: 53,5-70,9; OR 1,034; IC: 0,4638- 2,306; p= 0,4673). En 32 residentes se comparó su desempeño entre primer y tercer año en demandas, sin diferencia significativa. Conclusiones. Se detectó alta prevalencia de pesquisa de vacunación y menor prevalencia de aprovechamiento de oportunidades en controles, con menor pesquisa de ambos ítems en demandas.

Implementación de evaluación virtual con retroalimentación inmediata. Experiencia en la residencia de Clínica Pediátrica del Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez / Implementation of online evaluation with immediate feedback. Experience in the Pediatric Residency of Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital

Introducción: Acorde a los nuevos modelos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, la formación virtual con exámenes informatizados ha ido adquiriendo mayor importancia. El objetivo del presente artículo es describir la experiencia de la implementación de un examen online de opción múltiple con retroalimentación inmediata en la residencia y medir la percepción de los residentes de dicha herramienta mediante una encuesta. Métodos: Se elaboraron preguntas de opción múltiple con cuatro opciones. Al finalizar el examen cada residente tuvo una devolución inmediata del resultado, la revisión y la justificación de cada pregunta. Luego se realizó una encuesta virtual anónima de seis preguntas. Resultados: Se evaluaron 113 residentes. El 71,8% (n= 79) nunca había rendido un examen en modalidad virtual. El 82,7% (n= 91) consideró la nueva modalidad una herramienta útil para su formación. El 95,6% (n= 108) estuvo de acuerdo o completamente de acuerdo con la utilidad formativa de la retroalimentación inmediata. En cuanto a la utilización de dispositivos electrónicos, el 36,2% (n= 41) los utilizaban casi siempre y el 28,3% (n= 32) siempre. Al 58% de los encuestados (n= 65) la modalidad online le resultó mejor o mucho mejor a las experiencias previas. Conclusiones: Se comprobó alto porcentaje de conformidad con la utilidad formativa de la nueva modalidad por parte de los residentes del programa de Clínica Pediátrica

Introduction: According to new learning models, online training with computerized exams has acquired greater relevance. The objective of this article is to describe the experience of the implementation of a multiple choice online exam with immediate feedback at the residency and measure the perception of the pediatric trainees through a survey. Methods: Multiple-choice questions were developed with four options. At the end of the exam, each trainee had access to an immediate feedback of the result, as well as the review and justification of each question. Then an anonymous virtual survey of six questions was carried out. Results: 113 pediatric trainees were evaluated. 71.8% (n= 79) had never done a virtual exam. 82.7% (n= 91) considered the new modality a useful tool for their training. 95.6% (n= 108) agreed or completely agreed with the formative utility of the immediate feedback. Regarding the use of electronic devices, 36.2% (n= 41) used them almost always and 28.3% (n= 32) always. To 58% of the trainees (n= 65) the online modality was better or much better than previous experiences. Conclusions: A high percentage of acceptance with the formative usefulness of the new modality was demonstrated

Eficacia de una tabla de referencia de drogas. Una herramienta para reducir errores en la medicación durante la emergencia pediátrica / Efficacy of a drug reference table for emergencies. A tool to reduce errors in medication

Introducción. Se diseñó una tabla de referencia de drogas para emergencias (TRDE) especificando utilidad, dosis, vía de administración y dilución de las drogas más utilizadas durante emergencias pediátricas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar su utilidad para reducir errores en medicación. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio controlado aleatorizado con residentes de un hospital general pediátrico durante jornadas de simulación médica de alta fidelidad. Participaron 79 médicos divididos en 12 equipos; 6 asignados aleatoriamente, tuvieron la TRDE disponible y un instructivo para utilizarla. Se analizaron cantidad total de errores en la prescripción de medicación, y tipo de error (elección de la droga, dosis, dilución y vía de administración). Resultados. La media de indicaciones por equipo fue 7,08 drogas (DS 6,25-7,92). Los equipos sin TRDE cometieron 5,17 errores totales más que los que la usaron (IC 90% 0,21-10,12; P=0,08). En el análisis diferenciado por tipo de error aquellos sin TRDE cometieron 2,5 errores más de dilución (IC 90% 0,87-4,13; P=0,02). No hubo diferencias significativas de errores de elección, dosificación y vía de administración de drogas. Conclusión. La TRDE determinó una disminución global de errores en la prescripción de medicación durante situaciones de emergencia, principalmente en la dilución

Background. A drug reference table for emergencies (TE) was designed specifying utility, dose, route of administration and dilution of the drugs used during pediatric emergencies. The aim of this work was to evaluate its utility to reduce errors in medication. Methods. A randomized controlled study was conducted with residents of a pediatric general hospital during high-fidelity medical simulation. 79 residents were divided into 12 teams, 6 randomly assigned teams had the TE available and instructions on how to use it. We analyzed the total number of errors in the prescription of medication, and type of error (choice of drug, dose, dilution and route of administration). Results. The mean of indications per team was 7.08 drugs (DS 6.25-7.92). Teams without TE performed 5.17 total errors more than those who used it (IC 90% 0.21-10.12, P = 0.08). Analyzing by type of error those without TE made 2.5 more dilution errors (IC 90% 0.87-4.13, P = 0.02). There were no significant differences in errors of choice, dosage and route of drug administration. Conclusion. The TE produced overall decrease in medication prescription errors during emergency situations, particularly in dilution errors

Encefalitis por virus de Saint Louis: a propósito de un caso / Saint Louis encephalitis: case report

La encefalitis por el virus de Saint Louis es una enfermedad que se transmite a través de mosquitos de la especie Culex.En Argentina, se registran casos esporádicos, habitualmente asintomáticos en niños. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con manifestaciones clínicas inusuales en edad pediátrica y lesiones en el sistema nervioso central no descritas hasta el momento en la literatura. Se trata de una niña de 8 años, que consultó por síndrome febril, cambios conductuales, ataxia, clonus y rigidez de nuca. En el líquido cefalorraquídeo, se detectó pleocitosis predominantemente mononuclear. Se realizó una resonancia magnética, que evidenció imágenes de isquemia bitalámica. La infección por virus de Saint Louis se diagnosticó por IgM en el suero y el líquido cefalorraquídeo. La paciente evolucionó de manera favorable. Al momento del egreso hospitalario, persistía con bradipsiquia y alteraciones conductuales y se recuperó definitivamente 45 días después del alta.

Saint Louis encephalitis is transmitted by Culex mosquitoes. In Argentina sporadic cases are registered. Symptomatic illness is unusual in children. We present a case of meningoencephalitis caused by an uncommon viral infection. The clinical signs and symptoms are unusual for pediatric patients and the bilateral thalamic compromise showed on magnetic resonance has not been described previously. An 8-year-old girl consulted due to fever, behavior disorders and ataxia. Clonus and neck stiffness were detected at physical exam. Cerebrospinal fluid revealed mononuclear leukocytosis; bilateral ischemic compromise was observed in thalamus by magnetic resonance. Saint Louis virus was confirmed by serology: serum and cerebrospinal fluid IgM were positive during the acute phase of the disease and serum IgG was positive four weeks later. Most of the signs and symptoms of the disease were resolved, however mild behavior disorders were observed as acute sequelae up to 45 days after hospital discharge.

[Saint Louis encephalitis: case report]. / Encefalitis por virus de Saint Louis: a propósito de un caso.

Saint Louis encephalitis is transmitted by Culex mosquitoes. In Argentina sporadic cases are registered. Symptomatic illness is unusual in children. We present a case of meningoencephalitis caused by an uncommon viral infection. The clinical signs and symptoms are unusual for pediatric patients and the bilateral thalamic compromise showed on magnetic resonance has not been described previously. An 8-year-old girl consulted due to fever, behavior disorders and ataxia. Clonus and neck stiffness were detected at physical exam. Cerebrospinal fluid revealed mononuclear leukocytosis; bilateral ischemic compromise was observed in thalamus by magnetic resonance. Saint Louis virus was confirmed by serology: serum and cerebrospinal fluid IgM were positive during the acute phase of the disease and serum IgG was positive four weeks later. Most of the signs and symptoms of the disease were resolved, however mild behavior disorders were observed as acute sequelae up to 45 days after hospital discharge.

La encefalitis por el virus de Saint Louis es una enfermedad que se transmite a través de mosquitos de la especie Culex.En Argentina, se registran casos esporádicos, habitualmente asintomáticos en niños. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con manifestaciones clínicas inusuales en edad pediátrica y lesiones en el sistema nervioso central no descritas hasta el momento en la literatura. Se trata de una niña de 8 años, que consultó por síndrome febril, cambios conductuales, ataxia, clonus y rigidez de nuca. En el líquido cefalorraquídeo, se detectó pleocitosis predominantemente mononuclear. Se realizó una resonancia magnética, que evidenció imágenes de isquemia bitalámica. La infección por virus de Saint Louis se diagnosticó por IgM en el suero y el líquido cefalorraquídeo. La paciente evolucionó de manera favorable. Al momento del egreso hospitalario, persistía con bradipsiquia y alteraciones conductuales y se recuperó definitivamente 45 días después del alta.

[Using descriptors during the implementation of Mini-CEX at pediatric residency]. / Uso de descriptores durante la implementación de Mini-CEX en la residencia de pediatría.

UNLABELLED: The Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) is an assessment tool, which emphasizes the educational value and is based on direct performance observation. The objective was to evaluate the reliability and feasibility of Mini-CEX using pediatric descriptors during its implementation in two pediatric residency programs. The design was observational, exploratory and feasibility in the use of this evaluation tool. Based on the original format, descriptors related to the pediatric consult for each Mini-CEX dimension's were agreed. Operators were trained in the use of this tool by means of descriptors as well as in debriefing strategies. Finally, there were two simultaneous and independent evaluations for each observation. ANALYSIS: a) Mini-CEX global and dimension score; b) Concordance between operators scores (mean differences and 95% CI); c) Non evaluable descriptors frequency; d) Duration and satisfaction in use. There were 80 observations in 40 pediatric consults. Overall score 7.5±0.9 (6.4±2 to 8.3±1.1 depending on dimension), with no significant differences between the two institutions. There was high agreement between observers (Mean, difference between 0.1 and 0.3, 95% CI -0.8 to 0.3). The frequency of non evaluable descriptors ranged 5-28 (9% to 51%) and it was not associated with the implementation stage. The average implementation time was 20 minutes, and satisfaction in use was high among both operators and residents. Mini-CEX tool using pediatric descriptors showed high reliability. The joint experience was satisfactory and simultaneously confirmed the value of debriefing.

Uso de descriptores durante la implementación de Mini-CEX en la residencia de pediatría / Using descriptors during the implementation of Mini-CEX at pediatric residency

El Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) es una herramienta formativa de evaluación aplicada durante la observación directa del desempeño en la clínica. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la confiabilidad y factibilidad del Mini-CEX utilizando descriptores pediátricos en dos programas de residencia de pediatría. El diseño fue de tipo observacional y corte transversal. Se consensuaron descriptores de la consulta pediátrica para cada una de las dimensiones del Mini-CEX. Los operadores fueron capacitados en el uso de esta herramienta por medio de descriptores, así como en las estrategias informativas. Finalmente, se realizaron 2 evaluaciones independientes y simultáneas por cada observación de desempeño. Análisis: a) Puntaje global y por dimensión del Mini-CEX, b) Concordancia de puntajes entre operadores (promedios de diferencias e IC95%); c) Frecuencias de descriptores no evaluables y d) Duración y satisfacción en su uso. Se realizaron 80 observaciones en 40 consultas pediátricas. Puntaje global 7.5 ± 0.9 (6.4 ± 2 a 8.3 ± 1.1 según dimensión), sin diferencias significativas entre instituciones. Se observó alta concordancia entre observadores (Media, diferencia 0.1 a 0.3; IC 95% -0.8 a 0.3). La frecuencia de descriptores no evaluables fue 5 a 28 (9% a 51%) y no se asoció con el lugar de aplicación. El tiempo promedio de implementación fue 20 minutos. El uso resultó altamente satisfactorio para docentes y residentes. Se implementó el Mini-CEX luego de consensuar descriptores de la consulta pediátrica. La experiencia conjunta fue satisfactoria y a la vez confirmó el valor de la evaluación y entrega de sus resultados: la devolución formativa.

The Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) is an assessment tool, which emphasizes the educational value and is based on direct performance observation. The objective was to evaluate the reliability and feasibility of Mini-CEX using pediatric descriptors during its implementation in two pediatric residency programs. The design was observational, exploratory and feasibility in the use of this evaluation tool. Based on the original format, descriptors related to the pediatric consult for each Mini-CEX dimension´s were agreed. Operators were trained in the use of this tool by means of descriptors as well as in debriefing strategies. Finally, there were two simultaneous and independent evaluations for each observation. Analysis: a) Mini-CEX global and dimension score; b) Concordance between operators scores (mean differences and 95% CI); c) Non evaluable descriptors frequency; d) Duration and satisfaction in use. There were 80 observations in 40 pediatric consults. Overall score 7.5 ± 0.9 (6.4 ± 2 to 8.3 ± 1.1 depending on dimension), with no significant differences between the two institutions. There was high agreement between observers (Mean, difference between 0.1 and 0.3, 95% CI -0.8 to 0.3). The frequency of non evaluable descriptors ranged 5-28 (9% to 51%) and it was not associated with the implementation stage. The average implementation time was 20 minutes, and satisfaction in use was high among both operators and residents. Mini-CEX tool using pediatric descriptors showed high reliability. The joint experience was satisfactory and simultaneously confirmed the value of debriefing.