ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: A large number of drugs from a variety of pharmacological classes have been demonstrated to cause adverse effects on cardiac rhythm, including the life-threatening arrhythmia Torsades de Pointes. These side effects are often associated with prolongation of the QT interval and are mediated via blockade of the human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) encoded potassium channel. In order to manage this risk in the pharmaceutical industry it is desirable to evaluate QT prolongation as early as possible in the drug discovery process. METHODS: Here we describe the development of a 384-well fluorescence polarization (FP) binding assay compatible with high-throughput assessment of compound blockade of the hERG channel during the lead optimisation process. To characterise the fluorescent ligand that was developed, competition binding studies, kinetic studies and electrophysiology studies were performed. Furthermore, to validate the assay as a key screening method a series of competition binding studies were performed and correlated with functional data obtained via patch-clamp. RESULTS: Evaluation of the assay indicates that high quality data is obtained (Z'>0.6), that the K(i) values determined are equivalent to more traditional radiometric methods and that it is predictive for functional hERG blockade as assessed by patch clamp. DISCUSSION: Whilst FP assays, utilizing a variety of fluors, have become well established for the evaluation of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) and kinase ligand interactions, this technique has not been applied widely to the study of ion channels. Therefore, this represents a novel assay format that is amenable to the evaluation of thousands of compounds per day. Whilst other assay formats have proven predictive or high throughput, this assay represents one of few that combines both attributes, moreover it represents the most cost effective assay, making it truly amenable to early assessment of hERG blockade.
Subject(s)
Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels/drug effects , Fluorescence Polarization/methods , Long QT Syndrome/chemically induced , Binding, Competitive , Caco-2 Cells , Drug Design , Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels/metabolism , Humans , Kidney/embryology , Kidney/metabolism , Ligands , Patch-Clamp Techniques , Predictive Value of Tests , Torsades de Pointes/chemically inducedABSTRACT
Minocycline is neuroprotective in animal models of a number of acute CNS injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. While anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of minocycline have been characterized, the molecular basis for the neuroprotective effects of minocycline remains unclear. We report here that minocycline and a number of antioxidant compounds protect mixed neuronal cultures in an oxidative stress assay. To evaluate the role of minocycline's direct antioxidant properties in neuroprotection, we determined potencies for minocycline, other tetracycline antibiotics, and reference antioxidant compounds using a panel of in vitro radical scavenging assays. Data from in vitro rat brain homogenate lipid peroxidation and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays show that minocycline, in contrast to tetracycline, is an effective antioxidant with radical scavenging potency similar to vitamin E. Our findings suggest that the direct antioxidant activity of minocycline may contribute to its neuroprotective effects in some cell-based assays and animal models of neuronal injury.
