ABSTRACT
MOMO es un acrónimo para los términos macrosomía, obesidad, macrocefalia y anomalías oculares. El síndrome fue descrito por primera vez en 1993, con un total de nueve pacientes publicados a la fecha. Todos los casos reportaron discapacidad intelectual y en un caso se describió a un paciente con autismo. Presentamos un nuevo caso de paciente con síndrome de MOMO que consultó por fenómenos alucinatorios. Se completó una evaluación neuropsicológica, clínica y cognitiva, en donde se demostró un cociente intelectual limítrofe y se corroboraron los criterios para trastorno del espectro autista. Ésta es la primera evaluación neurocognitiva de un paciente con MOMO, la que apoya el uso de escalas estandarizadas a fin de evaluar el autismo y otras comorbilidades psiquiátricas en pacientes con síndromes genéticos.
MOMO is an acronym for macrosomia, obesity, macrocephaly and ocular abnormalities. The syndrome was first described in 1993, with a total of nine patients published thus far. All the cases presented intellectual disability and in one case autism was described. We present a new case of a patient with MOMO syndrome, who consulted for hallucinatory phenomena. He completed a neuropsychological, clinical and cognitive evaluation, showing a borderline intelligence quotient and fulfilled the criteria for autism spectrum disorder. This is the first neurocognitive evaluation of a patient with MOMO, supporting the use of standardized scales in order to assess the autism and other psychiatric comorbidities in patients with genetics syndromes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Autistic Disorder/diagnosis , Abnormalities, Multiple/psychology , Fetal Macrosomia/psychology , Coloboma/psychology , Cognition/physiology , Megalencephaly/psychology , Head/abnormalities , Intellectual Disability/psychology , Obesity/psychologyABSTRACT
Dogs have been shown to use human-directed gazing behaviour and gaze alternation in numerous contexts; however, it is still unclear whether this behaviour can be considered an intentional and referential communicative act. In the current study, adult dogs and preverbal toddlers were tested using the classic unsolvable task paradigm, but varying the attentional stance of the participating audience (the experimenter and the caregiver). The aims were to assess (1) whether dogs and toddlers would use gaze alternation behaviour in similar manners when the task became unsolvable, and (2) whether both dogs and toddlers would take into account the attentional stance of the audience when initiating a communicative interaction. Results indicated that both toddlers and dogs increased their gaze alternation behaviour between the apparatus and caregiver when the task became unsolvable, and toddlers also showed an increase in pointing behaviour. Furthermore, both species showed a capacity to take into account the attentional stance of the audience when manifesting gaze alternation behaviours towards them. Taken together, these results suggest that gaze alternation is both an intentional and referential communicative act and that both species can take into account the need for audience attention when communicating with them.
Subject(s)
Dogs/psychology , Fixation, Ocular , Problem Solving , Animals , Child, Preschool , Communication , Female , Humans , Infant , MaleABSTRACT
Topál et al. (Reports, 4 September 2009, p. 1269) showed that dogs, like infants but unlike wolves, make perseverative search errors that can be explained by the use of ostensive cues from the experimenter. We suggest that a simpler learning process, local enhancement, can account for errors made by dogs.
