Accelerated growth of bovine preantral follicles in vitro after stimulation with both FSH and BMP-15 is accompanied by ultrastructural changes and increased atresia.

The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-15 and FSH on the growth, viability, and expression of mRNA for FSH (FSH-R) and BMP-15 (BMPR-IB and BMPR-II) receptors in cultured bovine secondary follicles. Secondary follicles were microdissected and cultured for 12 days in minimum essential medium-α alone or supplemented with BMP-15, sequential FSH, both BMP-15 and FSH, or BMP-15 from days 0 to 6, and FSH from days 7 to 12. Thereafter, the effect of these treatments on the follicular volume, viability, and antrum formation and the levels of mRNA for BMPR-IB, BMPR-II, and FSH-R were assessed. Compared with day 0, the follicles cultured with FSH or BMP-15, or both, had a significant and progressive increase in volume (P < 0.05). However, the follicles cultured for 12 days with both BMP-15 and FSH had the greatest volume and a greater rate of antrum formation than those in control medium, but results similar to those cultured with FSH (days 0 to 12) or BMP-15 (days 0 to 6) and FSH (days 7 to 12). Together with their accelerating effect on in vitro follicle growth, the combination of FSH and BMP-15 induced ultrastructural changes in the cultured follicles and increased atresia. However, adding either BMP-15 or FSH to the culture medium, not only promoted follicular growth and follicular antrum formation, but also maintained follicular viability during culture. Except for follicles cultured in minimal essential medium-α, the levels of mRNA for BMPR-IB were reduced, and the levels of mRNA for FSH-R were significantly greater in follicles cultured in medium supplemented with BMP-15. In conclusion, all in vitro follicle treatments supported growth of bovine preantral follicles; however, adding both BMP-15 and FSH to the culture medium (minimal essential medium-α) for 12 days provided the greatest stimulation. Furthermore, the viability and ultrastructural integrity of cultured follicles were only maintained when only BMP-15 or FSH was added to the culture medium.

Effects of growth differentiation factor-9 and FSH on in vitro development, viability and mRNA expression in bovine preantral follicles.

The present study investigated the role of growth differentiation factor (GDF)-9 and FSH, alone or in combination, on the growth, viability and mRNA expression of FSH receptor, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and proteoglycan-related factors (i.e., hyaluronan synthase (HAS) 1, HAS2, versican, perlecan) in bovine secondary follicles before and after in vitro culture. After 12 days culture, sequential FSH (100 ng mL⁻¹) from Days 0 to 6 and 500 ng mL⁻¹ from Days 7 to 12) increased follicular diameter and resulted in increased antrum formation (P<0.05). Alone, 200 ng mL⁻¹ GDF-9 significantly reduced HAS1 mRNA levels, but increased versican and perlecan mRNA levels in whole follicles, which included the oocyte, theca and granulosa cells. Together, FSH and GDF-9 increased HAS2 and versican (VCAN) mRNA levels, but decreased PCNA mRNA expression, compared with levels in follicles cultured in α-minimum essential medium supplemented with 3.0 mg mL⁻¹ bovine serum albumin, 10 µg mL⁻¹ insulin, 5.5 µg mL⁻¹ transferrin, 5 ng mL⁻¹ selenium, 2 mM glutamine, 2mM hypoxanthine and 50 µg mL⁻¹ ascorbic acid (α-MEM⁺). Comparisons of uncultured (0.2 mm) and α-MEM⁺ cultured follicles revealed that HAS1 mRNA expression was higher, whereas VCAN expression was lower, in cultured follicles (P<0.05). Expression of HAS1, VCAN and perlecan (HSPG2) was higher in cultured than in vivo-grown (0.3 mm) follicles. In conclusion, FSH and/or GDF-9 promote follicular growth and antrum formation. Moreover, GDF-9 stimulates expression of versican and perlecan and interacts positively with FSH to increase HAS2 expression.

Levels of mRNA for bone morphogenetic proteins, their receptors and SMADs in goat ovarian follicles grown in vivo and in vitro.

This study investigated the stability of housekeeping genes (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, ß-tubulin, ß-actin, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), 18S rRNA, ubiquitin and ribosomal protein 19) and the levels of mRNA for bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), -4 (BMP-4), -6 (BMP-6), -7 (BMP-7) and -15 (BMP-15), their receptors (BMPR-IA, -IB and -II) and Similar to Mothers Against Decapentaplegic (SMADs) (-1, -5 and -8) in goat follicles of 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0mm, as well as in secondary follicles before and after culture for 18 days. ß-tubulin and PGK were the most stable housekeeping genes and the levels of mRNA for BMP-2 in follicles of 0.2mm were higher than in follicles of 0.5 and 1.0mm. For BMP-4, -6 and -7, the highest levels of mRNA were found in follicles of 1.0mm. The expression of BMPR-IB was higher in follicles of 0.2mm, whereas the levels of BMPR-II were higher in follicles of 0.5mm. The levels of mRNA for SMAD-5 were higher in follicles of 0.2mm, whereas SMAD-8 had higher levels in 0.5-mm follicles. After culture, follicles showed increased levels of mRNA for BMP-2 and reduced mRNA for BMP-4, BMP-7, BMPR-IA and SMAD-5. In conclusion, ß-tubulin and PGK are the most stable reference genes, and BMPs, their receptors and SMADs have variable levels of mRNA in the follicular size classes analysed.

Proteínas morfogenéticas ósseas (BMPs) e seu papel na regulação da oogênese e da foliculogênese ovariana em mamíferos / The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and its role in the regulation of ovarian folliculogenesis and oogenesis in mammalian

O processo de foliculogênese é controlado por uma variedade de gonadotrofinas e de fatores de crescimento locais, que agem em conjunto para regular a formação e o desenvolvimento dos folículos ovarianos. Dentre esses fatores, destacam-se as proteínas morfogenéticas ósseas (BMPs), que representam uma família de fatores de crescimento amplamente estudados e que se caracterizam por controlar as funções ovarianas em diferentes estágios do desenvolvimento folicular. Dessa forma, a presente revisão tem como foco principal descrever os locais de expressão das BMPs dos tipos 2, 4, 6, 7 e 15 e discutir o papel delas, bem como das gonadotrofinas FSH e LH durante a foliculogênese em mamíferos.(AU)

The process of folliculogenesis is controlled by a variety of gonadotropins and local growth factors that act together to regulate formation and development of ovarian follicles. Among these factors, the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) represent a family of growth factors widely studied that have important functions at different stages of ovarian follicular development. Thus, this review aims to describe the local of expression and to discuss the role of BMPs 2, 4, 6, 7 and 15 as well as the gonadotropins FSH and LH during folliculogenesis in mammals. (AU)

Proteínas morfogenéticas ósseas (BMPs) e seu papel na regulação da oogênese e da foliculogênese ovariana em mamíferos / The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and its role in the regulation of ovarian folliculogenesis and oogenesis in mammalian

O processo de foliculogênese é controlado por uma variedade de gonadotrofinas e de fatores de crescimento locais, que agem em conjunto para regular a formação e o desenvolvimento dos folículos ovarianos. Dentre esses fatores, destacam-se as proteínas morfogenéticas ósseas (BMPs), que representam uma família de fatores de crescimento amplamente estudados e que se caracterizam por controlar as funções ovarianas em diferentes estágios do desenvolvimento folicular. Dessa forma, a presente revisão tem como foco principal descrever os locais de expressão das BMPs dos tipos 2, 4, 6, 7 e 15 e discutir o papel delas, bem como das gonadotrofinas FSH e LH durante a foliculogênese em mamíferos.

The process of folliculogenesis is controlled by a variety of gonadotropins and local growth factors that act together to regulate formation and development of ovarian follicles. Among these factors, the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) represent a family of growth factors widely studied that have important functions at different stages of ovarian follicular development. Thus, this review aims to describe the local of expression and to discuss the role of BMPs 2, 4, 6, 7 and 15 as well as the gonadotropins FSH and LH during folliculogenesis in mammals.

DISPONIBILIDADE DE FÓSFORO PARA PLANTAS DE ARROZ AVALIADA POR EXTRATORES QUÍMICOS

Phosphorous avaliability to rice plants was evaluated in an experiment under greenhouse conditions using an acid and low phosphorus soil. Five fertilizers (Alvorada rock phosphate-FNA, amonion monophosphate-MAP, simple superphosphate-SFS, triple superphosphate-SFT and magnesium termophosphate-TM), three rates (100, 200 and 300 mg P dm-3 of soil), one control and ten plants of rice/pot were used. Phosphorus in soil samples were analized using the following extractants: Mehlich-1, Olsen and resin. Dry matter, P content and P absorved by the shoot were correlated with the P recovered by the three chemical methods. The MAP and SFS at the rate of 200 mg P dm-3 of soil, allowed the highest dry matter accumulation in above ground parts of rice plants. The MAP and SFS at the rate of 200 mg P dm-3 of soil, allowed the highest dry matter in above ground parts of rice plants. Differences among soil chemical P-extractants and a positive correlation with the evaluated parameter were observed. Olsen's extractants showed were the best correlation with rice response to rates and sources of P.

Avaliou-se a disponibilidade de fósforo para o arroz, em casa de vegetação, em um solo ácido e com deficiência de P. Utilizou-se 0,5 dm3 de solo, cinco fontes de fósforo (fosfato natural Alvorada-FNA, fosfato monoamônico-MAP, superfosfato simples-SFS, superfosfato triplo-SFT, e termofosfato magnesiano-TM), três doses (100, 200 e 300 mg P dm-3 de solo), uma testemunha e 10 plantas de arroz por vaso. Analisou-se o fósforo do solo por três extratores: Mehlich-1, Olsen e resina. Os fertilizantes aumentaram significativamente a produção de matéria seca em relação à da testemunha. A máxima produção foi alcançada com MAP e SFS na dose 200 mg P dm-3 de solo. A matéria seca, a porcentagem de P e o P absorvido foram correlacionados com os teores de fósforo extraídos do solo pelos três extratores, os quais apresentaram diferenças na extração de P. O extrator Olsen destacou-se dos outros (Mehlich-1 e resina), mostrando-se mais eficiente em predizer a disponibilidade de P para o arroz.

Disponibilidade de fósforo para plantas de arroz avaliada por extratores químicos

Phosphorous avaliability to rice plants was evaluated in an experiment under greenhouse conditions using an acid and low phosphorus soil. Five fertilizers (Alvorada rock phosphate-FNA, amonion monophosphate-MAP, simple superphosphate-SFS, triple superphosphate-SFT and magnesium termophosphate-TM), three rates (100, 200 and 300 mg P dm-3 of soil), one control and ten plants of rice/pot were used. Phosphorus in soil samples were analized using the following extractants: Mehlich-1, Olsen and resin. Dry matter, P content and P absorved by the shoot were correlated with the P recovered by the three chemical methods. The MAP and SFS at the rate of 200 mg P dm-3 of soil, allowed the highest dry matter accumulation in above ground parts of rice plants. The MAP and SFS at the rate of 200 mg P dm-3 of soil, allowed the highest dry matter in above ground parts of rice plants. Differences among soil chemical P-extractants and a positive correlation with the evaluated parameter were observed. Olsen's extractants showed were the best correlation with rice response to rates and sources of P.

Avaliou-se a disponibilidade de fósforo para o arroz, em casa de vegetação, em um solo ácido e com deficiência de P. Utilizou-se 0,5 dm3 de solo, cinco fontes de fósforo (fosfato natural Alvorada-FNA, fosfato monoamônico-MAP, superfosfato simples-SFS, superfosfato triplo-SFT, e termofosfato magnesiano-TM), três doses (100, 200 e 300 mg P dm-3 de solo), uma testemunha e 10 plantas de arroz por vaso. Analisou-se o fósforo do solo por três extratores: Mehlich-1, Olsen e resina. Os fertilizantes aumentaram significativamente a produção de matéria seca em relação à da testemunha. A máxima produção foi alcançada com MAP e SFS na dose 200 mg P dm-3 de solo. A matéria seca, a porcentagem de P e o P absorvido foram correlacionados com os teores de fósforo extraídos do solo pelos três extratores, os quais apresentaram diferenças na extração de P. O extrator Olsen destacou-se dos outros (Mehlich-1 e resina), mostrando-se mais eficiente em predizer a disponibilidade de P para o arroz.