Gamma secretase activating protein promotes end-organ dysfunction after bacterial pneumonia.

Pneumonia elicits the production of cytotoxic beta amyloid (Aß) that contributes to end-organ dysfunction, yet the mechanism(s) linking infection to activation of the amyloidogenic pathway that produces cytotoxic Aß is unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that gamma-secretase activating protein (GSAP), which contributes to the amyloidogenic pathway in the brain, promotes end-organ dysfunction following bacterial pneumonia. First-in-kind Gsap knockout rats were generated. Wild-type and knockout rats possessed similar body weights, organ weights, circulating blood cell counts, arterial blood gases, and cardiac indices at baseline. Intratracheal Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection caused acute lung injury and a hyperdynamic circulatory state. Whereas infection led to arterial hypoxemia in wild-type rats, the alveolar-capillary barrier integrity was preserved in Gsap knockout rats. Infection potentiated myocardial infarction following ischemia-reperfusion injury, and this potentiation was abolished in knockout rats. In the hippocampus, GSAP contributed to both pre- and postsynaptic neurotransmission, increasing the presynaptic action potential recruitment, decreasing neurotransmitter release probability, decreasing the postsynaptic response, and preventing postsynaptic hyperexcitability, resulting in greater early long-term potentiation but reduced late long-term potentiation. Infection abolished early and late long-term potentiation in wild-type rats, whereas the late long-term potentiation was partially preserved in Gsap knockout rats. Furthermore, hippocampi from knockout rats, and both the wild-type and knockout rats following infection, exhibited a GSAP-dependent increase in neurotransmitter release probability and postsynaptic hyperexcitability. These results elucidate an unappreciated role for GSAP in innate immunity and highlight the contribution of GSAP to end-organ dysfunction during infection.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Pneumonia is a common cause of end-organ dysfunction, both during and in the aftermath of infection. In particular, pneumonia is a common cause of lung injury, increased risk of myocardial infarction, and neurocognitive dysfunction, although the mechanisms responsible for such increased risk are unknown. Here, we reveal that gamma-secretase activating protein, which contributes to the amyloidogenic pathway, is important for end-organ dysfunction following infection.

PFKFB3 Inhibits Fructose Metabolism in Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells.

Pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells contribute to the integrity of the lung gas exchange interface, and they are highly glycolytic. Although glucose and fructose represent discrete substrates available for glycolysis, pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells prefer glucose over fructose, and the mechanisms involved in this selection are unknown. 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) is an important glycolytic enzyme that drives glycolytic flux against negative feedback and links glycolytic and fructolytic pathways. We hypothesized that PFKFB3 inhibits fructose metabolism in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. We found that PFKFB3 knockout cells survive better than wild-type cells in fructose-rich medium under hypoxia. Seahorse assays, lactate and glucose measurements, and stable isotope tracing showed that PFKFB3 inhibits fructose-hexokinase-mediated glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Microarray analysis revealed that fructose upregulates PFKFB3, and PFKFB3 knockout cells increase fructose-specific GLUT5 (glucose transporter 5) expression. Using conditional endothelial-specific PFKFB3 knockout mice, we demonstrated that endothelial PFKFB3 knockout increases lung tissue lactate production after fructose gavage. Last, we showed that pneumonia increases fructose in BAL fluid in mechanically ventilated ICU patients. Thus, PFKFB3 knockout increases GLUT5 expression and the hexokinase-mediated fructose use in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells that promotes their survival. Our findings indicate that PFKFB3 is a molecular switch that controls glucose versus fructose use in glycolysis and help better understand lung endothelial cell metabolism during respiratory failure.

Perinuclear mitochondrial clustering creates an oxidant-rich nuclear domain required for hypoxia-induced transcription.

Mitochondria can govern local concentrations of second messengers, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial translocation to discrete subcellular regions may contribute to this signaling function. Here, we report that exposure of pulmonary artery endothelial cells to hypoxia triggered a retrograde mitochondrial movement that required microtubules and the microtubule motor protein dynein and resulted in the perinuclear clustering of mitochondria. This subcellular redistribution of mitochondria was accompanied by the accumulation of ROS in the nucleus, which was attenuated by suppressing perinuclear clustering of mitochondria with nocodazole to destabilize microtubules or with small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of dynein. Although suppression of perinuclear mitochondrial clustering did not affect the hypoxia-induced increase in the nuclear abundance of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) or the binding of HIF-1α to an oligonucleotide corresponding to a hypoxia response element (HRE), it eliminated oxidative modifications of the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) promoter. Furthermore, suppression of perinuclear mitochondrial clustering reduced HIF-1α binding to the VEGF promoter and decreased VEGF mRNA accumulation. These findings support a model for hypoxia-induced transcriptional regulation in which perinuclear mitochondrial clustering results in ROS accumulation in the nucleus and causes oxidative base modifications in the VEGF HRE that are important for transcriptional complex assembly and VEGF mRNA expression.

alpha-complementation-enabled T7 expression vectors and their use for the expression of recombinant polypeptides for protein transduction experiments.

Over the past few years protein transduction has emerged as a powerful means for the delivery of proteins into cultured cells and into whole mice. This method is based on the ability of proteins containing protein transduction domains (PTDs), short stretches of 9-16 predominantly basic amino acids, to traverse the cytoplasmic membrane and accumulate inside cells in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. The number of PTDs, both natural and synthetic, is constantly expanding, as is the need to test newly discovered PTDs for their ability to mediate the internalization of the corresponding fusion proteins. Here we describe a strategy and methodology that can be used for the construction of vectors for the T7 RNA polymerase-driven expression of PTD fusions. The cloning in these vectors is facilitated by alpha-complementation. Also, these vectors are small in size (less than 3 kbp) and express influenza virus hemagglutinin tag as well as His tag as part of the fusion for immunological identification and purification respectively of expressed proteins.

Endonuclease III and endonuclease VIII conditionally targeted into mitochondria enhance mitochondrial DNA repair and cell survival following oxidative stress.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during oxidative phosphorylation. Accumulation of several kinds of oxidative lesions, including oxidized pyrimidines, in mtDNA may lead to structural genomic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction and associated degenerative diseases. In Escherichia coli, oxidative pyrimidines are repaired by endonuclease III (EndoIII) and endonuclease VIII (EndoVIII). To determine whether the overexpression of two bacterial glycosylase/AP lyases which predominantly remove oxidized pyrimidines from DNA, could improve mtDNA repair and cell survival, we constructed vectors containing sequences for the EndoIII and EndoVIII downstream of the mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) from manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and placed them under the control of the tetracycline (Tet)-response element. Successful integrations of MTS-EndoIII or MTS-EndoVIII into the HeLa Tet-On genome were confirmed by Southern blot. Western blots of mitochondrial extracts from MTS-EndoIII and MTS-EndoVIII clones revealed that the recombinant proteins are targeted into mitochondria and their expressions are doxycycline (Dox) dependent. Enzyme activity assays and mtDNA repair studies showed that the Dox-dependent expressions of MTS-EndoIII and MTS-EndoVIII are functional, and both MTS-EndoIII and MTS-EndoVIII (Dox+) clones were significantly more proficient at repair of oxidative damage in their mtDNA. This enhanced repair led to increased cellular resistance to oxidative stress.