ABSTRACT
Mastering manual small-incision cataract surgery (MSICS) for beginner surgeons is difficult. In the initial days of residency or training, surgeons struggle to make a proper scleral tunnel and keratome entry. It commonly results in premature entry and iris prolapse. Most of the literature has shed light on premature entry during tunnel construction by a crescent blade, whereas a significant majority of iris prolapse happens due to improper keratome entry. This novel trypan blue dye-assisted tunnel staining (TBTS) technique helps in proper tunnel demarcation which can reduce the incidence of premature entry with a keratome.
Subject(s)
Cataract Extraction , Cataract , Lens, Crystalline , Surgical Wound , Humans , Cataract Extraction/methods , Prolapse , Staining and LabelingABSTRACT
Mannosylated polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) enable improvement of brain bioavailability and reduction of dosing due to efficient drug delivery at the target site. Mannose receptors are present on the surface of macrophages, and therefore, in this study, it is expected that mannosylated NPs of anti-human immunodeficiency virus drug may target the macrophages, which may improve the therapeutic outcome and reduce the toxicity of antiretroviral bioactives. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and mannosylated-PLGA NPs (Mn-PLGA NPs) were prepared and administered by intravenous route in a dose of 10 mg/kg. After predetermined time period, the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of NPs were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and confocal microscopy, respectively. Results of this study indicated that Mn-PLGA NPs would be a promising therapeutic system for efficient delivery of the drug into brain macrophages.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage , Brain/drug effects , Drug Carriers/pharmacokinetics , Drug Delivery Systems/methods , Nanoparticles/administration & dosage , Administration, Intravenous , Animals , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacokinetics , Cell Line , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drug Carriers/administration & dosage , Drug Carriers/chemistry , Lactic Acid/chemistry , Lamivudine/administration & dosage , Lamivudine/pharmacokinetics , Macrophages/drug effects , Mannose/chemistry , Microscopy, Confocal , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Polyglycolic Acid/chemistry , Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer , Rats , Tissue DistributionABSTRACT
Fixed dose combination containing beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) and formoterol fumarate dihydrate (FFD) is used in the treatment of asthma in form of dry powder inhaler. Two methods are described for the simultaneous determination of BDP and FFD in commercial rotacap formulation. The first method was based on HPTLC separation of the two drugs followed by densitometric measurements of their spots at 220 nm. The separation was carried out on Merck HPTLC aluminum sheets precoated with silica gel 60F254 using hexane:ethyl acetate:methanol:formic acid (2.0:2.5:2.0:0.2, v/v/v/v) as mobile phase. The linearity was found to be in the range of 2.4-8.4 µg/spot and 80-280 ng/spot for BDP and FFD, respectively. The second method was based on HPLC separation of the two drugs on the reversed phase Enable HPLC Analytical C18 G 120Å (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column at ambient temperature using a mobile phase consisting of methanol:acetonitrile:phosphate buffer adjusted to pH 3.6 using orthophosphoric acid (65:25:10, v/v/v). Quantitation was achieved with UV detection at 220 nm based on peak area with linear calibration curves at concentration ranges of 10-200 and 0.3-6.0 µg/mL for BDP and FFD, respectively. Both methods were validated in terms of precision, robustness, recovery and limits of detection and quantitation. The robustness of both methods was assessed using experimental design and results were analyzed by statistical and graphical approaches. Rotacaps formulation containing BDP (200/400 µg) and FFD (6 µg) were successfully quantified using the proposed methods. The proposed methods can be used as sensitive, precise, accurate and robust methods for quantification of BDP and FFD in Rotacaps.
Subject(s)
Beclomethasone/analysis , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Chromatography, Thin Layer/methods , Ethanolamines/analysis , Capsules/chemistry , Formoterol Fumarate , Limit of Detection , Linear Models , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
Objective. The main objective of the present investigation was to develop and optimize oral sustained release Chitosan nanoparticles (CNs) of rifampicin by design of experiment (DOE). Methodology. CNs were prepared by modified emulsion ionic gelation technique. Here, inclusion of hydrophobic drug moiety in the hydrophilic matrix of polymer is applied for rifampicin delivery using CN. The 2(3) full-factorial design was employed by selecting the independent variables such as Chitosan concentration (X 1), concentration of tripolyphosphate (X 2), and homogenization speed (X 3) in order to achieve desired particle size with maximum percent entrapment efficiency and drug loading. The design was validated by checkpoint analysis, and formulation was optimized using the desirability function. Results. Particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, and drug loading for the optimized batch were found to be 221.9 nm, 44.17 ± 1.98% W/W, and 42.96 ± 2.91% W/W, respectively. In vitro release data of optimized formulation showed an initial burst followed by slow sustained drug release. Kinetic drug release from CNs was best fitted to Higuchi model. Conclusion. Design of Experiment is an important tool for obtaining desired characteristics of rifampicin loaded CNs. In vitro study suggests that oral sustained release CNs might be an effective drug delivery system for tuberculosis.
