Imaging update on cartilage.

In this update article, we present a review of the literature regarding the physiology of the articular cartilage, role of MR imaging in cartilage assessment, MRI sequences and protocols for cartilage imaging, brief overview of classifications and nomenclature for chondral and osteochondral lesions, MR imaging following cartilage repair and degenerative osteoarthritis.

Fat Chance for Hidden Lesions: Pictorial Review of Hoffa's Fat Pad Lesions.

Hoffa's fat pad (HFP) is the most commonly afflicted among all the knee fat pads. Anterior knee pain is common in various pathologies of HFP, as it is richly innervated. A potpourri of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathologies and the tumors and tumor-like conditions affect HFP, and MRI remains the fundamental modality to assess them and provide a specific diagnosis.

COL4A1 mutation in an Indian child presenting as 'Cerebral Palsy' mimic.

The COL4A1 gene (COL4A1) plays an important role in vascular basement membrane function and pathogenic mutations have been reported in mice and humans. The gene is expressed mainly in the human brain, eyes and kidneys. Pathogenic mutations result in a vast array of manifestations that can present throughout life including the foetal period. We present a case of an 11-year-old girl with right hemiparesis, congenital cataracts, epilepsy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain findings with a pathogenic COL4A1 mutation. Many of her clinical features are similar to those of a non-genetic cause of cerebral palsy highlighting the difficulties and delays in making this genetic diagnosis.