ABSTRACT
Anesthesiologists frequently deal with spinal hypotension when administering spinal anesthesia (SA) for a Caesarean section (C-section). The physiological changes that occur during pregnancy necessitate modifications to anesthesia and analgesia procedures to provide safe and efficient care for the expectant patient. It is believed that giving the patient SA during a C-section will increase their degree of comfort and pain management both during and after the surgical process. It is less expensive, easier to give, and delivers a consistent anesthetic onset, early ambulation, and the start of breastfeeding. As C-section is a very common operation performed in every healthcare unit, dealing with postspinal hypotension is a daily situation faced by anesthetists with variable levels of experience. However, understanding and addressing hypotension induced by SA is crucial as it affects the mother and the fetus negatively. This review aims to contribute to enhancing patient care and safety in the context of C-sections by identifying hypotension timely and managing it effectively. It is advised to healthcare workers to leverage the insights from the review to improve patient outcomes in routine practice.
ABSTRACT
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is a form of TMJ condition that causes mouth opening limitation, ranging from partial reduction to total immobilization of the jaw. Bony and fibrous ankylosis is most commonly caused by trauma, although it can also happen as a result of surgery, local or systemic infections, or systemic diseases. Childhood TMJ produces facial deformities, which increase with growth and have a major detrimental impact on the patient's psychological development. Each patient with TMJ ankylosis must have a history, physical examination, and radiographic examination in order to determine a definitive diagnosis, severity, involvement of surrounding tissues, and, ultimately, treatment planning. Technical challenges and a high recurrence rate make treating TMJ ankylosis challenging. Intubating a young child with TMJ ankylosis is a difficult job, which is exacerbated by limited mouth opening. This case report describes a five-year-old boy who reported an inability to open his mouth, diagnosed as TMJ ankylosis, and managed in the absence of an appropriately sized tracheostomy tube.
