Spritzer: For diagnostic cytopathology.

BACKGROUND: Exfoliative cytology is an easy, economical, noninvasive, and feasible method for early detection and screening program of any premalignant or malignant lesion. In case of routine cytological procedure, classical Papanicolaou (PAP) stain is widely used while Romanowsky stains are sparingly used. Leishman-Giemsa (LG) cocktail, being a easier, cost effective staining technique, has not been used in exfoliative cytology. Therefore, this pilot study was carried out to compare and contrast the role of LG stain in routine cytological procedure which is very cost-effective, less time-consuming and requires less infrastructural support. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To study the diagnostic efficiency of LG cocktail in comparison with PAP stain and Feulgen stain in mucosal cells for evaluating cellular changes of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three cytological smears were prepared from 10 healthy controls and 10 patients clinically diagnosed with OSCC, and they were stained with LG cocktail stain, PAP stain, and Feulgen stain. The stained smears were evaluated for cytologic diagnosis and the staining characteristics such as nuclear and cytoplasmic details were recorded as per criteria by Sujathan et al. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The data were statistically evaluated with analysis of variance test using SPSS 15 software for windows. RESULTS: The results from the cases diagnosed as OSCC by PAP and LG cocktail were almost identical and superior to Feulgen stain both in diagnostic ability and in staining characteristics. CONCLUSION: The one-step LG cocktail is easy, very cost-effective, less time-consuming with less infrastructural support as compared to PAP stain; however, it warrants further evaluation for screening of oral cancer as a potential aid.

Spindle cell lesions: A review on immunohistochemical markers.

The intriguing array of spindle cell lesions occurring, especially in the head and neck region, poses a critical diagnostic challenge not only to the histopathologist but also ultimately to the clinicians for planning an appropriate treatment protocol. Overlapping spectrum of clinico-radiographic and microscopic features further compounds this problem. In such situations, the aid of ancillary techniques such as immunohistochemistry (IHC) is sought to clinch the diagnosis. This study aims to review the spindle cell neoplasms of the oral cavity with emphasis on IHC.

A study of the distribution of B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 in odontogenic cyst and tumors: Histochemical study.

INTRODUCTION: The odontogenic keratocyst is known for its aggressiveness, high recurrence rate, and transformation of keratinized epithelia to nonkeratinized squamous epithelium for which inflammation has been suggested to be responsible. B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) an anti-apoptotic protein, prolongs the life span of epithelial cells and allows proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study was carried out comprising of 90 cases; (30 ameloblastoma, 30 keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT), and 30 radicular cyst). Bcl-2 expression was determined with respect to localization, area (percentage) and intensity of stained cells in epithelium, and connective tissue stroma by counting the endothelial, round, and fusiform cells. RESULTS: In epithelium bcl-2 expression in KCOTs was higher followed by ameloblastoma and lowest in the radicular cyst. Whereas, in connective tissue stroma bcl-2 expression was higher in KCOT and radicular cyst than ameloblastoma cases. Solid variants showed statistically higher expression as compared to the unicystic variants of ameloblastoma (P = 0.009, 0.033, 0.011, and 0.041). CONCLUSION: High expression of bcl-2 in KCOT supports the general agreement that some features of KCOT are those of a neoplasia. The bcl-2 expression in connective tissue cells suggests that these cells may also be important as epithelial cells in the biological behavior odontogenic keratocyst.

Effect of westernization on oral health among college students of Udaipur City, India.

BACKGROUND: There is overwhelming evidence that periodontal disease and dental caries affect the majority of populations and that western culture and lifestyle may have a profound influence on oral health, especially in adults. The present study was performed to determine the effect of westernization on the oral health of college students of Udaipur City, Rajasthan. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among students attending various professional and non-professional bachelor's degree colleges of Udaipur City, Rajasthan, India, from March 2013 to May 2013. Eight hundred students were selected based on a two-stage random sampling procedure. Westernization was assessed by a self-administered structured questionnaire. Periodontal status, dental caries status and malocclusion were assessed according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria (1997). Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square and Multivariate logistic regression. The confidence level and level of significance were set at 95 and 5 %, respectively. RESULTS: The present study suggested that adverse habits, listening to English music and preferring English food had a significant association with dental caries and periodontal diseases. Malocclusion also showed a significant relationship with consuming English food for snacks and desserts. Multivariate analysis revealed a significantly greater odds ratio (OR) for periodontal disease and dental caries among those who preferred English food for lunch. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the present study, there is an association between westernization and oral health.

Aesthetic Management of Fluoresced Teeth with Ceramic Veneers and Direct Composite Bonding - An Overview and A Case Presentation.

Tooth discolouration is a common problem and affects people of all ages. Apart from the conventional treatment modalities for the same, newer options are available today with better techniques and materials. The present case report describes a 17-year-old girl who had stained and pitted teeth, attributable to dental fluorosis and she desired aesthetic treatment for the same. The pros and cons of all treatment options were carefully weighed and a multistep treatment process involving ceramic veneers and direct bonding were planned. The execution of the planned treatment yielded a good aesthetic and functional outcome.

Estimation of salivary lactate dehydrogenase in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma: a biochemical study.

BACKGROUND: Enzyme Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is found in the cells of almost all body tissues. The profile of salivary total LDH enzymes is similar to that found in oral epithelium, indicating that the major source of salivary LDH is probably the oral epithelium-shedding cells. Consequently, LDH concentration in saliva, as an expression of cellular necrosis, could be a specific indicator for oral lesions that affect the integrity of the oral mucosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study comprised of three groups as follows: Group I: Comprised of 25 healthy individuals of comparable age. Group II: 25 otherwise healthy and consenting patients with oral leukoplakia (OL). Group III: 25 otherwise healthy and consenting oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Biochemical estimation of LDH was done with the help of Semiautomatic Analyzer. RESULTS: Inter comparison of salivary total LDH levels between all the three groups revealed that salivary LDH levels increase from healthy control group to Oral Leukoplakia group to further increase in OSCC group. On comparisons between the histopathological grades of OSCC group the level of LDH were found to increase from well differentiated to moderately differentiated to further increase in poorly differentiated patients. CONCLUSION: The present salivary analysis for LDH enzyme reveals an overall altered salivary LDH enzyme level in OL and OSCC cases.

Nuclear anomalies in exfoliated buccal epithelial cells of petrol station attendants in Udaipur, Rajasthan.

AIM: The petroleum derivatives consist of a complex mixture of chemical compounds one among which is benzene. Petrol station workers who pump fuel to vehicles absorb the products of fuel fumes and the products of combustion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To study the occupational exposure to petroleum derivatives such as benzene, exfoliated buccal cells from 40 petrol station attendants and 40 age-matched control subjects were examined for micronuclei, binucleation, karyorrhexis and karyolysis frequency by using feulgen and Giemsa stains. Statistical evaluation was performed with ANOVA test. RESULTS: In the present study, inter-comparison of mean values for micronuclei, binucleation, karyorrhexis and karyolysis using Fuelgen stain between smokers of study and control group, as well as between smokers and non-smokers of study and control group revealed statistically highly significant results with P value 0.00002 and 0.0001 respectively. Whereas inter comparison between non-smokers of study and control group using Feulgen stain and inter comparison between smokers of study and control group, using Giemsa stain revealed statistically significant results with P value 0.0034 and 0.0004, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that the studied individuals belong to a risk group and should periodically undergo biological monitoring and proper care.