Recent Updates on Oncogenic Signaling of Aurora Kinases in Chemosensitive, Chemoresistant Cancers: Novel Medicinal Chemistry Approaches for Targeting Aurora Kinases.

The Aurora Kinase family (AKI) is composed of serine-threonine protein kinases involved in the modulation of the cell cycle and mitosis. These kinases are required for regulating the adherence of hereditary-related data. Members of this family can be categorized into aurora kinase A (Ark-A), aurora kinase B (Ark-B), and aurora kinase C (Ark-C), consisting of highly conserved threonine protein kinases. These kinases can modulate cell processes such as spindle assembly, checkpoint pathway, and cytokinesis during cell division. The main aim of this review is to explore recent updates on the oncogenic signaling of aurora kinases in chemosensitive/chemoresistant cancers and to explore the various medicinal chemistry approaches to target these kinases. We searched Pubmed, Scopus, NLM, Pubchem, and Relemed to obtain information pertinent to the updated signaling role of aurora kinases and medicinal chemistry approaches and discussed the recently updated roles of each aurora kinases and their downstream signaling cascades in the progression of several chemosensitive/chemoresistant cancers; subsequently, we discussed the natural products (scoulerine, Corynoline, Hesperidin Jadomycin-B, fisetin), and synthetic, medicinal chemistry molecules as aurora kinase inhibitors (AKIs). Several natural products' efficacy was explained as AKIs in chemosensitization and chemoresistant cancers. For instance, novel triazole molecules have been used against gastric cancer, whereas cyanopyridines are used against colorectal cancer and trifluoroacetate derivatives could be used for esophageal cancer. Furthermore, quinolone hydrazine derivatives can be used to target breast cancer and cervical cancer. In contrast, the indole derivatives can be preferred to target oral cancer whereas thiosemicarbazone-indole could be used against prostate cancer, as reported in an earlier investigation against cancerous cells. Moreover, these chemical derivatives can be examined as AKIs through preclinical studies. In addition, the synthesis of novel AKIs through these medicinal chemistry substrates in the laboratory using in silico and synthetic routes could be beneficial to develop prospective novel AKIs to target chemoresistant cancers. This study is beneficial to oncologists, chemists, and medicinal chemists to explore novel chemical moiety synthesis to target specifically the peptide sequences of aurora kinases in several chemoresistant cancer cell types.

Visual outcome and refractive status with monofocal toric intraocular lens implantation to correct astigmatism during cataract surgery.

PURPOSE: Measurement, calculations, visual assessment, and refractive status after monofocal toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation were the purpose of this study. METHODS: This was a hospital-based interventional prospective study, where 40 eyes were included with astigmatism of more than 2D. They underwent biometric assessment using Lenstar. Toric IOL power calculation was done based on Barrett's Toric calculation method. Preoperative axis marking was done using both bubble marker and direct slit beam to avoid cyclotorsion in sleeping position. On table, axis marking was reassessed. Post phacoemulsification, monofocal Supra Phob Toric IOL was rotated till its marking matches corneal axis marking. Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity was measured at 1 and 3 months. RESULTS: Mean of refractive astigmatism reduced from 3.55 ± 0.97 preoperatively to 0.81 ± 0.28 at 1 month and 0.79 ± 0.27 at 3 months postoperatively. In total, 92.5% had residual astigmatism less than 1D at 3 months postoperatively, while 7.5% eyes had residual astigmatism more than 1D. In total, 72.5% patients had IOL rotation of less than or equal to 5°, 20% patients had it between 6° and 10° and 7.5% eyes had more than 10° at day 7 postoperatively, which required IOL repositioning. CONCLUSION: Accurate measurement of parameters and proper calculation reduce the postoperative residual astigmatism after toric IOL.

Effectiveness of "Audio-tactile Performance Technique" to improve the oral hygiene status of visually impaired schoolchildren.

BACKGROUND: Maintaining oral hygiene is a challenging task for the visually impaired population. Oral health is often overlooked because of lack of knowledge about oral health practices. Therefore, there was a need to train visually impaired individuals with the aid of customized techniques so that the understanding of brushing technique could be perceived at its best. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: Comparative evaluation to check the effectiveness of "Audio-tactile Performance Technique (ATP)" to improve oral hygiene status of visually impaired schoolchildren. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The present study was an interventional study of 92 visually impaired children in Wardha district. Their knowledge regarding oral hygiene practices was tested with a verbal questionnaire in a pre- and post-test to check the improvement in their knowledge after imparting health education. Fones method of toothbrushing was taught by "ATP," and a health talk was delivered. The plaque scores were recorded using the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (modified by Turesky et al.) at baseline and at the end of 3 months. Periodic reinforcement was provided twice at an interval of 20 days in between the visits. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The collected data were tabulated and analyzed using Student's paired t-test in Stata version 15.1, and kappa statistics were done to test inter-rater reliability and agreement was found to be 90%. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant decrease in the postinterventional plaque scores from 2.78 to 1.63 (P < 0.05) and an increase in the posthealth education test scores from 1.98 to 8.21 (P < 0.05). A substantial decrease in the percentage of children, who had high plaque scores initially, was seen postintervention. CONCLUSIONS: The "ATP" along with oral health education served as a very effective customized method of teaching oral hygiene practices and its maintenance to the visually impaired children.

Surgically induced astigmatism after phacoemulsification by temporal clear corneal and superior clear corneal approach: a comparison.

INTRODUCTION: Cataract surgery has undergone various advances since it was evolved from ancient couching to the modern phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) remains one of the most common complications. The introduction of sutureless clear corneal incision has gained increasing popularity worldwide because it offers several advantages over the traditional sutured limbal incision and scleral tunnel. A clear corneal incision has the benefit of being bloodless and having an easy approach, but SIA is still a concern. PURPOSE: In this study, we evaluated the SIA in clear corneal incisions with temporal approach and superior approach phacoemulsification. Comparisons between the two incisions were done using keratometric readings of preoperative and postoperative refractive status. METHODOLOGY: It was a hospital-based prospective interventional comparative randomized control trial of 261 patients conducted in a rural-based tertiary care center from September 2012 to August 2014. The visual acuity and detailed anterior segment and posterior segment examinations were done and the cataract was graded according to Lens Opacification Classification System II. Patients were divided for phacoemulsification into two groups, group A and group B, who underwent temporal and superior clear corneal approach, respectively. The patients were followed up on day 1, 7, 30, and 90 postoperatively. The parameters recorded were uncorrected visual acuity, best-corrected visual acuity, slit lamp examination, and keratometry. The mean difference of SIA between 30th and 90th day was statistically evaluated using paired t-test, and all the analyses were performed using SPSS 18.0 (SPSS Inc.) software. RESULTS: The mean postoperative SIA in group A was 0.998 D on the 30th day, which reduced to 0.768 D after 90 days, and in group B the SIA after 30 days was 1.651 D, whereas it reduced to 1.293 D after 90 days. CONCLUSION: Temporal clear corneal incision is evidently better than superior clear corneal incision as far as SIA is concerned.