Study of Head Trauma through Computed Tomography.

Objective: Primary brain injuries, which are the result of severe head trauma and cannot be prevented, are always catastrophic and fatal. Yet, if diagnostic and therapeutic steps are taken promptly after a craniocerebral injury, further brain insults may be prevented and the victim's death can be avoided within 24 hours. Materials and Methods: Source of data, sample size, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, statistical methods. Results: One hundred individuals with confirmed cumputer tomography (CT) scan results of severe head trauma participated in this analysis. Seventy men and thirty women accounted for the total number of patients. The research included 70% men and 30% women. The M/F ratio is 2.3:1. Males between the ages of 21 and 30 (a total of 21 patients) had the highest rate of head injury in our analysis. Males had a lower incidence overall, with nine cases in the 0-10 age range, 11 cases in the 11-20 age range, five cases in the 41-50 age range, three cases in the 51-60 age range, and four cases in patients older than 61. Similarly, eight of the female patients were in the 21-30 age range. There were also four patients between the ages of 0 and 10, four between the ages of 11 and 20, two between the ages of 41 and 50, five between the ages of 51 and 60, and three among those older than 61. Summary and Conclusion: Men were more likely than women to sustain a head injury. The majority of the study population consisted of patients between the ages of 21 and 30 and 31 and 40. Injuries were found to most often occur in car crashes.

Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia Type I: A Rare Case Report.

Congenital dyserythropoietic anemias are a group of rare hereditary conditions affecting erythropoiesis. These disorders are characterized by anemia, primarily caused by inefficient erythropoiesis, as well as distinctive morphological abnormalities observed in most erythroblasts in the bone marrow. congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I (CDA-I) is a hereditary condition characterized by inefficient production of red blood cells and excessive accumulation of iron. It follows an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. There have been approximately 300 recorded cases of CDA-I documented on a global scale. CDA-I is a rarely documented condition in the Indian subcontinent. Therefore, we will be examining a case of CDA-I in the present article. A male infant, aged four months, who had signs of vomiting, weight loss, and failure to thrive, was diagnosed with CDA-I following a bone marrow aspiration. Our experience provides further evidence supporting the notion that the accurate diagnosis of CDA-I can be achieved by doing a comprehensive assessment of bone marrow aspiration.

Assessment of Intratumoural and Stromal Infiltrating Lymphocytes In The Various Subtypes of Breast Carcinoma Patients who have Received Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer comprises a highly heterogeneous subset of tumours that respond well to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (NAC). Tumour Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL) act as a means to an end by shedding light on the treatment response as well as predictive factors to the clinicopathological features for the same. Therefore, this article attempts to shift the attention to the relevance of TIL in the aforementioned aspects by bringing to notice the contrasting traits displayed by them in the different immunohistochemical subtypes of breast carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 75 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients, 25 human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2BC) positive patients and 77 hormone receptor (HRBC) positive breast cancer patients were included in this study who received NAC before surgical excision of the tumour which was then stained using routine Haematoxylin and Eosin techniques. Standardised guidelines were used to evaluate TIL in the stroma and the tumour. RESULTS: In TNBC, a significant association between Intratumoural (IT) TIL (p=0.0288) and Intrastromal (IS) TIL (p=0.0250) with pathological complete response (pCR). IS TIL and age at operation (p=0.0494) showed significant values but no correlation was found with IT TIL. In HER2BC, IS TIL revealed a significant association with the tumour response(p=0.0229). A strong association was found between IT TIL and the age of menopause(p=0.0441). In HRBC, no significant associations were found between IT and IS TIL scores and the clinicopathological features. CONCLUSION: The predictive factors of TIL and complete response post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy can be a strong indicative factor for immunohistochemical markers. It also helps throw light on further studies which can be carried out to determine the clinicopathological features and TIL correlation in the various subtypes of breast carcinoma.

Evaluation and comparison of intratumoural and intrastromal infiltrating lymphocytes with clinicopathological features in breast carcinoma patients who have received neoadjuvant chemotherapy - A cross-sectional study.

Background: The microenvironment of breast cancer plays a significant role in determining the prognosis of the disease. With the shifting paradigm on the predictive factors post-Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (NAC), it was sought out that Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are of valuable use for the same. Yet, the delineation of the two types - Intrastromal and Intratumoural has seldom been facilitated. This study, therefore, aimed to evaluate, analyse and compare the two - to gauge the importance of the treatment outcome and clinicopathological features. Materials and methods: 180 breast cancer patients were included in this study who underwent NAC, and their post-surgically resected tumour specimens were sectioned and stained using routine Haematoxylin and Eosin techniques. The evaluation of TILs in the stroma and tumour was done based on the standardised guidelines. Results: Out of the 180 patients, 55 (i.e. 30.56%) displayed pathological complete resolution (pCR). Furthermore, Intratumoural TILs had a slight association with the pCR (p = 0.0335) whereas Intrastromal TILs had a significantly large association with pCR (p < 0.0001) dependent on the lymphocytic response. Backward regression revealed that - the age at operation, pCR, lymph node involvement and menopause highly contributed to predicting 68.2% of the total cases correctly with a sensitivity of 93.0% and specificity of 24.6% for Intratumoral TILs. Age at operation, pCR, lymph node involvement and tumour emboli highly contributed to predicting 71.5% of the total cases correctly with sensitivity of 71.6% and specificity of 71.4% for Intrastromal TILs. Conclusion: TILs and the prediction of NAC and pCR should be made standardised and reproducible so that they can be universally available to all patients with breast cancer. Through this study, further avenues of research have opened up for their relations with clinicopathological features mainly age at operation and menopausal status.

Scar endometriosis-a sequel of caesarean section.

Endometriosis is presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, usually in the pelvis. However, its occurrence is very rare (0.03%-0.4%) in the scars which follow obstetrical and gynaecological surgeries. We are reporting two cases of scar endometriosis which occurred after caesarean sections. Both cases presented with abdominal pain at caesarean scar sites, one of which gave a cyclical history. Clinical examination revealed painful swellings in both cases, which were misdiagnosed as stitch granulomas. Wide surgical excisions were done and histopathology examination revealed a diagnosis of scar endometriosis. We are presenting these cases because of their rarity, their uncommon sites and difficulty in diagnosing the conditions clinically.