ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Precancer biomarkers help in early detection and management of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), a biomarker, is known to be altered in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and oral leukoplakia (OL). Therefore, we evaluated and compared the serum and salivary IL-1ß levels in patients with OSMF/oral leukoplakia and in gender- and age-matched healthy individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An in vivo, prospective, observational study was conducted on 40 subjects. Subjects were divided into two groups with 20 individuals in each group, that is, Group I: OSMF/oral leukoplakia and Group II: control group. Salivary and serum IL-1ß levels were quantitatively estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The statistical tests used were unpaired t-test and Chi-square test. RESULTS: The serum IL-1ß levels were significantly (P 0.001) lesser in Group I in comparison to Group II. The salivary IL-1ß levels remained insignificant between both the groups. However, in both the groups, the salivary IL-1ß levels were significantly higher compared to the serum IL-1ß levels. CONCLUSION: We found that the serum IL-1ß level can be considered as a prospective biomarker for dysplasia, whereas salivary IL-1ß alone needs more elaborated studies to account for its application as a potential biomarker in OPMD.
Subject(s)
Interleukin-1beta , Leukoplakia, Oral , Mouth Neoplasms , Oral Submucous Fibrosis , Precancerous Conditions , Saliva , Humans , Interleukin-1beta/blood , Interleukin-1beta/analysis , Interleukin-1beta/metabolism , Male , Female , Saliva/metabolism , Saliva/chemistry , Leukoplakia, Oral/blood , Leukoplakia, Oral/diagnosis , Leukoplakia, Oral/metabolism , Leukoplakia, Oral/pathology , Prospective Studies , Adult , Middle Aged , Precancerous Conditions/blood , Precancerous Conditions/diagnosis , Precancerous Conditions/pathology , Precancerous Conditions/metabolism , Oral Submucous Fibrosis/blood , Oral Submucous Fibrosis/metabolism , Oral Submucous Fibrosis/diagnosis , Oral Submucous Fibrosis/pathology , Mouth Neoplasms/blood , Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis , Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism , Mouth Neoplasms/pathology , Biomarkers, Tumor/blood , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Case-Control Studies , Biomarkers/blood , Biomarkers/analysisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The digital technologies, in recent years, have integrated with temporomandibular joint reconstruction surgeries (TRS). Therefore, a systematic study was conducted to assess the impact of digital technologies in TRS. Besides, a brief comparison between the CAD/CAM and 3D printing (3DP) technologies is presented. MATERIALS & METHODS: We searched in PubMed, ProQuest and Science direct using PRISMA guidelines. Populationâ¯=â¯Patients undergoing TRS, Intervention=CAD/CAM or 3DP, Comparison= conventional TRS (cTRS) vs technology integrated TRS (tiTRS), Outcome= Advantages/disadvantages of technology and Subjective/objective symptoms, Study design= Type of study. The quality of observational study was assessed using ROBINS-1 Assessment tool. RESULTS: Out of 632 articles, 30 articles for CAD/CAM and 3DP were included in the study. A majority of TRS were done for ankylosis (new or re-entry), earlier failed surgery, osteoarthritis and neoplastic cases. The articles were divided into two groups. Group I: CAD/CAM(nâ¯=â¯16), Group II: 3DP (nâ¯=â¯14). DISCUSSION: tiTRS had definite advantages over cTRS with lesser surgery time, defined osteotomies, précised implant fitting and better final result outcome however, evidence for tiTRS in long-term follow-up is inconclusive. The cost, time, infrastructure and ethical/regulatory issues are the downsides of assisted surgeries. It was observed that 3DP technology is versatile and its adaptation in the fabrication of customized implants has outpaced CAD/CAM technology. However, literature data is feeble qualitatively and quantitatively. CONCLUSION: The TRS has leveraged the flexibility and precision of assisted surgeries. In future, tiTRS could successfully replace cTRS, provided that shortcomings should be dealt so that the technology can benefit the masses.
