Application of aqueous two-phase systems for the development of a new method of cobalt(II), iron(III) and nickel(II) extraction: a green chemistry approach.

We have investigated the extraction behavior of the metallic ions Co(II), Fe(III) and Ni(II) as a function of the amount of potassium thiocyanate used as an extracting agent, using the following aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS): PEO + (NH(4))(2)SO(4) + H(2)O, PEO + Li(2)SO(4) + H(2)O, L35 + (NH(4))(2)SO(4) + H(2)O and L35 + (Li)(2)SO(4)+H(2)O. Metal extraction from the salt-rich phase to the polymer-rich phase is affected by the following parameters: amount of added extractant, pH, and the nature of the electrolyte and polymer that forms the ATPS. Maximal extraction percentages were obtained for Co(II) (99.8%), Fe(III) (12.7%) and Ni(II) (3.17%) when the ATPS was composed of PEO1500 + (NH(4))(2)SO(4) + H(2)O containing 1.4 mmol of KSCN at pH 4.0, providing separation factors as high as S(Co, Fe) = 3440 and S(Co, Ni) = 15,300. However, when the same ATPS was used at pH 2.0, the maximal extraction percentages for iron and nickel were 99.5% and 4.34%, respectively, with S(Fe, Ni) equal to 4380. The proposed technique was shown to be efficient in the extraction of Co(II) and Fe(III), with large viability for the selective separation of Co(II) and Fe(III) ions in the presence of Ni(II).

Aqueous two-phase systems: a new approach for the determination of p-aminophenol.

A new method has been developed for the spectrophotometric determination of p-aminophenol (PAP) in water, paracetamol formulations and human urine samples with a recovery rate between 94.9 and 101%. This method exploits an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) liquid-liquid extraction technique with the reaction of PAP, sodium nitroprusside and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in pH 12.0, which produces the [Fe(2)(CN)(10)](10-) anion complex that spontaneously concentrates in the top phase of the ATPS ([Formula in text]). The ATPS does not require an organic solvent, which is a safer and cleaner liquid-liquid extraction technique for the determination of PAP. The linear range of detection was from 5.00 to 500 µg kg(-1) (R ≥ 0.9990; n=8) with a coefficient of variation of 2.11% (n=5). The method exhibited a detection limit of 2.40 µg kg(-1) and a quantification limit of 8.00 µg kg(-1). The ATPS method showed a recovery that ranged between 96.4 and 103% for the determination of PAP in natural water and wastewater samples, which was in excellent agreement with the results of the standard 4-aminoantipyrine method that was performed on the same samples.