ABSTRACT
Poly(2,5-furandicarboxylate)s incorporating aliphatic moieties represent a promising family of polyesters, typically entirely based on renewable resources and with tailored properties, notably degradability. This study aims to go beyond by developing poly(isosorbide 2,5-furandicarboxylate-co-dodecanedioate) copolyesters derived from isosorbide (Is), 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), and 1,12-dodecanedioic acid (DDA), and studying their degradation under environmental conditions, often overlooked, namely seawater conditions. These novel polyesters have been characterized in-depth using ATR-FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR and XRD spectroscopies and thermal analysis (TGA and DSC). They showed enhanced thermal stability (up to 330 °C), and the glass transition temperature increased with the content of FDCA from ca. 9 to 60 °C. Regarding their (bio)degradation, the enzymatic conditions lead to the highest weight loss compared to simulated seawater conditions, with values matching 27% vs. 3% weight loss after 63 days of incubation, respectively. Copolymerization of biobased FDCA, Is, and DDA represents an optimal approach for shaping the thermal/(bio)degradation behaviors of these novel polyesters.
ABSTRACT
Introducción. La prevalencia general de la automedicación en la población general fluctúa de 27.3% a 61.3%. En trabajadores de la salud está menos documentado (Definido como auto prescripción), así como su frecuencia y las características del personal médico. Material y métodos. Se trata de un estudio comparativo transversal de 3 países, México (178), Bolivia (250) y Ecuador (130) en población de Médicos Familiares y Médicos Generales de Primer nivel de atención en salud; sexo y edad indistintos, activos en consulta pública o institucional. El muestreo fue por conveniencia calculado por fórmula. Se usó una encuesta con datos demográficos, Frecuencia de automedicación y auto prescripción, patologías donde se usaron, y razones de uso y fuentes de información. Se capturaron y analizaron en SPSS versión 20. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales como ji-cuadrada y Kruskal Wallis. Aprobado por el comité de ética de dos países. Resultados. De los participantes 58.0% son médicos familiares, la mayoría femeninas (p<.05), con pareja, y con promedio de edad de 39.3. Laboran en el sistema público 42.2%. Se automedicaron y auto prescribieron más medicamentos los médicos en México y menos en Ecuador (p<.0001). En general, en el último mes, 61.5% de los profesionales estudiados se auto medicó (media 2.99 veces), y menor porcentaje se auto prescribió 35.8%, (media 1.28 veces) principalmente analgésicos y antibióticos (p<.0001) y por patologías respiratorias (p<.05). Las variables numéricas no cumplieron los supuestos de normalidad. Conclusión. Más de la mitad de los profesionales estudiados se auto medicó y más de un tercio se auto prescribió (antibióticos y analgésicos), esto más en México (AU)
Introduction. The general prevalence of selfmedication in the general population fluctuates from 27.3% to 61.3%. It is less documented in health workers (denominated as selfprescription), as well as its frequency and the characteristics of medical personnel. Material and methods. This is a cross- sectional, comparative study of 3 countries, Mexico (178), Bolivia (250) and, Ecuador (130) in the population of Family Physicians and General Practitioners of the first level of care; indistinct sex and age, active practice in public or institutional consultation. Sampling was for convenience calculated by a formula. A survey with demographic data, II Frequency of self-medication and self-prescription, pathologies where they were used, reasons for use and, sources of information were used. They were captured and analyzed in SPSS version 20. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as chi-square and Kruskal Wallis were used. It was approved by the ethic committee from two countries. Results. Of the participants, 58.0% are family doctors, the majority female (p <.05), with a partner, and with an average age of 39.3 years; 42.2% work in the public system. More physicians in Mexico and fewer in Ecuador used self-medicated and self- prescribed medications (p <.0001). In general in the last month, 61.5% of the professionals self-medicated (average 2.99 times), and a lower percentage (35.8%,)self-prescribed (average 1.28 times) mainly pain relievers and antibiotics (p <.0001) and for respiratory pathologies (p <.05). The numerical variables did not meet the assumptions of normality. Conclusion. More than half of the professionals studied practice self-medication and more than third antibiotics and analgesics as self-prescription this more in Mexico (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Primary Health Care , Self Medication , Bolivia , Attitude of Health Personnel , Ecuador , MexicoABSTRACT
Several studies have investigated the transition of consolidation of recent memory to remote memory in aversively motivated tasks, such as contextual fear conditioning (CFC) and inhibitory avoidance (IA). However, the mechanisms that serve the retrieval of remote memories, has not yet been fully understood. Some evidences suggest that the central cholinergic system appears be involved in the modulation of these processes. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of a pre-test administration of dicyclomine, a high-affinity M1 muscarinic receptor antagonist, on the retrieval of remote memories in fear conditioning and IA tasks. Male Wistar rats were trained, and after 1 or 28days, the rats received dicyclomine (16 or 32mg/kg, intraperitoneally, i.p.) and were tested in CFC, tone fear conditioning (TFC) and IA tasks. At both time intervals, 32mg/kg dicyclomine induced impairment of CFC. In TFC task only the performance of the rats 28days after training was impaired. The IA task was not affected in any of the studied intervals. These findings suggest a differential contribution of muscarinic receptors on recent and remote memories retrieval revealing a more generalized role in remote memory.
