[Peroral immunization--a method for enhancing the safety of the recombinant vector (the vaccinia virus)]. / Peroral'naia immunizatsiia--sposob povysheniia bezopasnosti rekombinantnogo vektora (virusa vaktsiny).

Oral and dermal administrations of vaccinia virus into rabbits, guinea pigs, and monkeys demonstrated a milder (without homeostasis disturbance) course of the vaccinal process with oral immunization, intensive immunity forming in minimal sensitization of the body was compared with dermal one. The results of revaccination in adults with oral smallpox vaccine and primary immunization in Ethiopia showed that oral immunization with vaccinia virus was safe, effective and lowly reactogenic. The comparative study of the preparation in remote revaccination (5 or more years later) proved its advantage over dermal vaccine. It consists in ecological safety (vaccinia virus excretion into the environment during 1 and 11 days, respectively, by 10-fold concentration reduction), reactogenicity (5 and 33% of common reactions, respectively) in the same immunogenicity.

[Results of the research on the preparation and testing of live oral smallpox vaccine in tablet form]. / Itogi issledovanii po razrabotke i ispytaniiu tabletirovannoi zhivoi peroral'noi ospennoi vaktsiny.

The authors sum up the results of decade of investigations on the elaboration and trial of live oral smallpox vaccine in tablet form. A conclusion was made that due to mild reactogenic properties, satisfactory immunogenicity and weak allergy producing properties, the mentioned preparation, along with a possibility of express and mass use, can posses future prospects under conditions of final smallpox eradication.

[Use of the monkey pox virus for evaluating the intensity of the immunity against smallpox in experiments on M. rhesus]. / Primenenie virusa ospy obez'ian dlia otsenki napriazhennosti immuniteta protiv natural'noi ospy v opytakh na M. rhesus.

Monkeypox virus causing in M, rhesus upon aerogenic infection a disease similar to human varioloid was used to evaluate the intensity of immunity against smallpox in immunized M. rhesus monkeys. Postvaccination immunity was solid in all the animals vaccinated intradermally or orally. In 2 out of 14 monkeys immunized orally, however, the immunity was partially overcome. Neutralizing antibody titers in these two monkeys were 1:5 and 1:25, respectively. This agreed with the observations made in Pakistan indicating the possibility that some humans having serum neutralizing antibody titers up to 1:32 could contract smallpox and develop the disease.

[Resistance of Serratia marcescens to an etbylene oxide-methyl bromide mixture and the possibility of using it to control the effectiveness of disinfectant measures]. / Ustoichivost'k smesi OKEBM Serratia marcescens i vozmozhnost' primeneniia ee dlia kontrolia éffektivnosti dezinfektsionnykh meropriiatii.

The authors studied the Serratia marcescens (strain No. 851) resistance to the okcbm mixture by the method of test objects in comparison with the vaccine virus (strain B-51) at a temperature of 20, 30, and 40 degrees C. Resistance of the mentioned bacteria to the okcbm mixture proved to be somewhat greater than that of the vaccine virus at 20 and 30 degrees C, whereas at 40 degrees C their resistance was found to be practically identical. This permits to use Serratia marcescens to control the efficacy of gaseous sterilization of materials.

[Study of allergic reactions in the body after experimental smallpox vaccination]. / Izuchenie allergicheskoi perestroiki organizma pri ospoprivivanii v eksperimente.

Experiments on guinea pigs demonstrated a mixed cellular-humoral character of allergy in smallpox vaccination. The ratio of cellular and humoral components depended on the site of the vaccina application. Skin manifestations in smallpox vaccination (hyperemia, infiltration, papula) were due to the multiplication of the virus proper, increased sensitivity of the surrounding tissues to the live vibrio, and specific immunological reconstruction. The skin of the sensitized animal after the anaphylactic shock in response to the intracardiac injection of the challenging dose of the vaccine virus acquired areactivity to its subsequent application.

[Comparative assessment of the means and methods of immunizing humans against smallpox]. / Sravnitel'naia otsenka sredstv i metodov immunizatsii liudei protiv natural'noi ospy.

Serological efficacy of oral smallpox vaccination was studied in comparison with the scarification and jet methods (1677 persons were vaccinated orally, 148 by scarification, and 1864 by the jet method). In all the three groups percentage of persons with increase of antibodies in comparison with the initial level proved to be statistically equal, constituting about 80% the first 5 months, and falling to 39-61% in 12 months. After revaccination by the scarification and jet methods the mean geometrical antibody titres increased 11--14-fold, and after oral revaccination--5-fold. However, not in a single case they were below 1:25 (observation time--up to 5 months). Vaccination teams consisting of 2--3 persons were capable of vaccinating by the oral method 1456 persons, by the jet method 891 persons, and by scarfication 27 persons per hour.

[Penetration of vaccinia virus through the mucosa of the small intestine and its dissemination in the body following enteric immunization of monkeys]. / Proniknovenie virusa ospovaktsiny cherez slizistuiu obolochku tonkogo kishechnika i ego disseminatsiia v organizme pri énteral'noi immunizatsii obez'ian.

The authors studied the penetration of variolo-vaccine virus through the mucosa of the small intestine of Macacus rhesus in enteral immunization, by immunofluorescent and virological methods. Fifteen minutes after the immunization the variolo-vaccine virus was revealed at the surface of the mucosal prismatic epithelium and in the t. mucosa propria within the cytoplasm of cells of the macrophage type. Dissemination of the process with detection of the variolo-vaccine virus in the blood, the lymph nodes, spleen and liver was determined within the range of 1 to 3 hours.

[Study of smallpox vaccine virus distribution in the body of rabbits following oral immunization]. / Izuchenie raspredeleniia v organizme virusa ospovaktsiny pri oral'noi immunizatsii krolikov

Virological and immunofluorescent methods were applied to the study of the distribution of the smallpox vaccine virus in the organs and tissues of rabbits immunized orally. It appeared that the vaccinal process developed with a predominant localization of the antigen in the regional (in respect to the site of administration) lymph nodes; the virus was revealed in the cell cytoplasm.

[Electron microscopic study of the kinetics of smallpox vaccine interaction with alveolar macrophages when administered intratracheally]. / Elektronnomikroskopicheskoe izuchenie kinetiki vzaimodeistviia ospovaktsiny s al'veoliarnymi makrofagami pri intratrakheal'nom vvedenii

Electron microscopy was applied to the study of the dynamics of endocytosis of smallpox vaccine by alveolar macrophages in intratracheal immunization of guinea pigs; 5 to 15 minutes after administration of smallpox vaccine the viruses were absorbed on the macrophage surface, penetrated into the cells by invagination and vesiculation. A possibility of adaption of smallpox virus in the alveolar macrophages 12 hours after the vaccination was confirmed documentally.