CT findings of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: a systematic review and individual patient data analysis.

PURPOSE: Common CT abnormalities of pulmonary aspergillosis represent a cavity with air-meniscus sign, nodule, mass, and consolidation having an angio-invasive pattern. This study aims to conduct a systematic review and an individual patient-level image analysis of CT findings of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA). METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted to identify studies reporting CT findings of CAPA as of January 7, 2021. We summarized study-level clinical and CT findings of CAPA and collected individual patient CT images by inviting corresponding authors. The CT findings were categorized into four groups: group 1, typical appearance of COVID-19; group 2, indeterminate appearance of COVID-19; group 3, atypical for COVID-19 without cavities; and group 4, atypical for COVID-19 with cavities. In group 2, cases had only minor discrepant findings including solid nodules, isolated airspace consolidation with negligible ground-glass opacities, centrilobular micronodules, bronchial abnormalities, and cavities. RESULTS: The literature search identified 89 patients from 25 studies, and we collected CT images from 35 CAPA patients (mean age 62.4 ± 14.6 years; 21 men): group 1, thirteen patients (37.1%); group 2, eight patients (22.9%); group 3, six patients (17.1%); and group 4, eight patients (22.9%). Eight of the 14 patients (57.1%) with an atypical appearance had bronchial abnormalities, whereas only one (7.1%) had an angio-invasive fungal pattern. In the study-level analysis, cavities were reported in 12 of 54 patients (22.2%). CONCLUSION: CAPA can frequently manifest as COVID-19 pneumonia without common CT abnormalities of pulmonary aspergillosis. If abnormalities exist on CT images, CAPA may frequently accompany bronchial abnormalities.

Nonhepatic Hyperammonemia With Septic Shock: Case and Review of Literature.

Elevated ammonia levels lead to cerebral edema, encephalopathy, seizures, coma, and death. Hyperammonemia is primarily associated with liver disease; however, there are rare cases without liver disease. Noncirrhotic hyperammonemia is primarily due to increased production and/or decreased elimination of ammonia. We present a rare case of a 35-year-old female with severe acute noncirrhotic hyperammonemia associated with gram-negative septic shock and a suspected undiagnosed partial urea cycle enzyme deficiency. She had elevated blood and urine amino acid levels speculated to be due to an underlying urea cycle defect, which was unmasked in the setting of septic shock with urea splitting bacteria leading to severely elevated ammonia levels. Ammonia levels were rapidly corrected with hemodialysis, as other conventional treatments failed. We highlight the importance of considering noncirrhotic causes of hyperammonemia in patients with elevated ammonia levels and intact liver function. Prompt treatment should begin with reducing the catabolic state, nitrogen scavenging, replacing urea cycle substrates, decreasing intestinal absorption, and augmented removal of ammonia with renal replacement therapy.

Cystic Lung Disease as a Sequela of Severe COVID-19: Case Series.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presented in December 2019 and has persisted since. The global pandemic has given rise to a novel acute disease process with a continually rapidly increasing prevalence of chronic disease and associated complications. There is minimal information on the long-term pulmonary complications of this disease. We present a series of 9 patient case reports and their respective imaging admitted with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to highlight the cystic lung disease complications which may arise due to severity and disease progression. Our aim is to raise awareness of the sequela of COVID-19 ARDS, including its potentially catastrophic long-term consequences to the respiratory tract involving cystic lung disease.

Where Did the Pericardial Effusion Go? A Case of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Acting as Treatment for Pericardial Tamponade.

Pericardial tamponade results in multiple organ dysfunction and can lead to cardiac arrest. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), a life-saving measure performed on patients in cardiac arrest, can lead to thoracic organ damage. However, CPR rarely acts as a therapeutic treatment for pericardial tamponade. Our case describes a patient admitted with pericardial tamponade in whom CPR provided therapeutic treatment with pericardial rupture and resolution of the tamponade.

Subacute Aspergillosis "Fungal Balls" Complicating COVID-19.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection (SARS-CoV-2), commonly known as COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019), began in the Wuhan District of Hubei Province, China. It is regarded as one of the worst pandemics, which has consumed both human lives and the world economy. COVID-19 infection mainly affects the lungs triggering severe hypoxemic respiratory failure, also providing a nidus for superimposed bacterial and fungal infections. We report the case of a 73-year-old male who presented with progressive dyspnea; diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2-related severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and complicated with lung cavitations growing Aspergillus sp. COVID-19, to our knowledge, has rarely been associated with subacute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis with aspergillomas. Subacute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis as a superimposed infection in patients with SARS-CoV-2 is a rare entity. By reporting this case, we would like to make the readers aware of this association.