Prevalencia de conductos en C de segundos molares mandibulares evaluados en tomografía de haz cónico / Prevalence of C-ducts of Mandibular Second Molars Evaluated on Cone Beam Tomography

Introducción: El conocimiento adecuado de la configuración de conductos radiculares es fundamental en endodoncia; la evaluación tomográfica permite una correcta evaluación de su disposición radicular. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de conductos en C de segundos molares mandibulares, evaluados en tomografía de haz cónico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y de corte transversal; la muestra estuvo conformada por 200 segundos molares mandibulares permanentes de una población peruana, observadas en tomografías cone beam, donde se registró la presencia del conducto en C, su configuración según la clasificación de Fan y el sexo del paciente. Resultados: La prevalencia de la configuración radicular en forma de C en segundos molares inferiores fue del 65,5 por ciento; según la Clasificación de Fan se observó mayor prevalencia en el tercio cervical del conducto radicular el tipo C1 con 85,7 por ciento; en el tercio medio el tipo C2 con 42,9 por ciento; a nivel apical fue el tipo C3C con 72,1 por ciento; según el sexo, el 65,2 por ciento de los conductos en C correspondió al femenino. Conclusión: La prevalencia de los conductos en C de los segundos molares mandibulares evaluados en tomografías de haz cónico fue de 65,5 por ciento con mayor predominio en el sexo femenino. La evaluación tomográfica permite una mejor identificación y configuración interna de los conductos radiculares(AU)

Introduction: Adequate knowledge of the configuration of root canals is fundamental in endodontics; tomographic evaluation allows a correct assessment of their radicular arrangement. Objective: To determine the prevalence of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars, evaluated by cone beam tomography. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out; the sample consisted of 200 permanent mandibular second molars from a Peruvian population, observed in cone beam tomography, where the presence of the C-shaped canal, its configuration according to Fan's classification and the patient's gender were recorded. Results: The prevalence of the C-shaped root canal configuration in lower second molars was 65.5 percent; according to the Fan classification, the highest prevalence was observed in the cervical third of the root canal, type C1 with 85.7 percent; in the middle third, type C2 with 42.9 percent; at the apical level it was type C3C with 72.1 percent; according to gender, 65.2 percent of the C-shaped canals corresponded to females. Conclusion: The prevalence of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars evaluated in cone beam tomography was 65.5% with a higher predominance in the female gender. The tomographic evaluation allows a better identification and internal configuration of the root canals(AU)

Exodoncia de diente supernumerario geminado en maxilar superior / Extraction of a geminated supernumerary tooth in upper jaw

Introducción: Los dientes supernumerarios constituyen una anomalía de número en la cual se excede la cantidad normal de piezas dentales. La geminación es una anomalía de forma que se caracteriza por la presencia de una corona bífida y una raíz común. Los dientes supernumerarios geminados son de rara aparición; indicar exámenes imagenológicos son importantes para determinar sus características y su relación con las estructuras vecinas. Objetivo: Presentar el caso clínico de un paciente con un diente supernumerario geminado. Caso clínico: Paciente de sexo masculino de 23 años de edad, acude a la consulta odontológica por presentar una elevación del lado izquierdo en el paladar, sin molestias. En el examen clínico se observa un aumento de volumen de mucosa palatina de piezas dentales 24 y 25. Los exámenes de imagen fueron realizados y se diagnosticó un diente supernumerario geminado retenido, se realizó tratamiento quirúrgico y el paciente evolucionó favorablemente. Conclusión: Los dientes supernumerarios geminados son poco frecuentes, una oportuna y correcta evaluación imagenológica, le permitirá al clínico realizar un adecuado diagnóstico y tratamiento(AU)

Introduction: Supernumerary teeth constitute an anomaly of number where the normal number of teeth is exceeded and gemination is an anomaly of shape characterized by the presence of a bifid crown, a common root. Geminate supernumerary teeth are of rare occurrence; indicating imaging examinations are important to determine their characteristics and their relationship with neighboring structures. Objective: To present the clinical case of a patient with a geminate supernumerary tooth. Clinical case: A 23-year-old male patient came to the dental office due to an elevation on the left side of the palate, without discomfort. In the clinical examination, an increase in the volume of the palatal mucosa of teeth 24 and 25 was observed. The imaging examinations were performed and a retained geminated supernumerary tooth was diagnosed, surgical treatment was performed and the patient progressed favorably. Conclusion: Geminate supernumerary teeth are rare; a timely and correct imaging evaluation will allow the clinician to make an adequate diagnosis and treatment(AU)

Corrigendum: miR-548d-3p Is Up-regulated in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis and Suppresses Parasite Growth in Macrophages.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.826039.].

miR-548d-3p Is Up-Regulated in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis and Suppresses Parasite Growth in Macrophages.

Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in Latin America progress with hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and weight loss and maybe lethal mainly in untreated cases. miRNAs are important regulators of immune and inflammatory gene expression, but their mechanisms of action and their relationship to pathogenesis in leishmaniasis are not well understood. In the present study, we sought to quantify changes in miRNAs associated with immune and inflammatory pathways using the L. (L.) infantum promastigote infected- human monocytic THP-1 cell model and plasma from patients with visceral leishmaniasis. We identified differentially expressed miRNAs in infected THP-1 cells compared with non-infected cells using qPCR arrays. These miRNAs were submitted to in silico analysis, revealing targets within functional pathways associated with TGF-ß, chemokines, glucose metabolism, inflammation, apoptosis, and cell signaling. In parallel, we identified differentially expressed miRNAs in active visceral leishmaniasis patient plasma compared with endemic healthy controls. In silico analysis of these data indicated different predicted targets within the TGF-ß, TLR4, IGF-I, chemokine, and HIF1α pathways. Only a small number of miRNAs were commonly identified in these two datasets, notably with miR-548d-3p being up-regulated in both conditions. To evaluate the potential biological role of miR-548d-3p, we transiently transfected a miR-548d-3p inhibitor into L. (L.) infantum infected-THP-1 cells, finding that inhibition of miR-548d-3p enhanced parasite growth, likely mediated through reduced levels of MCP-1/CCL2 and nitric oxide production. Further work will be required to determine how miR-548d-3p plays a role in vivo and whether it serves as a potential biomarker of progressive leishmaniasis.

miR-548d-3p Alters Parasite Growth and Inflammation in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Infection.

American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) is an endemic disease in Latin America, mainly caused in Brazil by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Clinical manifestations vary from mild, localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) to aggressive mucosal disease. The host immune response strongly determines the outcome of infection and pattern of disease. However, the pathogenesis of ATL is not well understood, and host microRNAs (miRNAs) may have a role in this context. In the present study, miRNAs were quantified using qPCR arrays in human monocytic THP-1 cells infected in vitro with L. (V.) braziliensis promastigotes and in plasma from patients with ATL, focusing on inflammatory response-specific miRNAs. Patients with active or self-healed cutaneous leishmaniasis patients, with confirmed parasitological or immunological diagnosis, were compared with healthy controls. Computational target prediction of significantly-altered miRNAs from in vitro L. (V.) braziliensis-infected THP-1 cells revealed predicted targets involved in diverse pathways, including chemokine signaling, inflammatory, cellular proliferation, and tissue repair processes. In plasma, we observed distinct miRNA expression in patients with self-healed and active lesions compared with healthy controls. Some miRNAs dysregulated during THP-1 in vitro infection were also found in plasma from self-healed patients, including miR-548d-3p, which was upregulated in infected THP-1 cells and in plasma from self-healed patients. As miR-548d-3p was predicted to target the chemokine pathway and inflammation is a central to the pathogenesis of ATL, we evaluated the effect of transient transfection of a miR-548d-3p inhibitor on L. (V.) braziliensis infected-THP-1 cells. Inhibition of miR-548d-3p reduced parasite growth early after infection and increased production of MCP1/CCL2, RANTES/CCL5, and IP10/CXCL10. In plasma of self-healed patients, MCP1/CCL2, RANTES/CCL5, and IL-8/CXCL8 concentrations were significantly decreased and MIG/CXCL9 and IP-10/CXCL10 increased compared to patients with active disease. These data suggest that by modulating miRNAs, L. (V.) braziliensis may interfere with chemokine production and hence the inflammatory processes underpinning lesion resolution. Our data suggest miR-548d-3p could be further evaluated as a prognostic marker for ATL and/or as a host-directed therapeutic target.

Secondary Data Analysis of the 2012 Peru Demographic and Health Survey Examining Immunization Campaign Participation Among Children Aged 18 to 59 Months.

Objective. To evaluate the association between characteristics known to be associated with under-immunization and participation in immunization campaigns among Peruvian children. Methods. This is an analysis of data collected as part of the Peru 2012 Demographic and Health Survey. Analyses were conducted among children in 2 groups: children aged 18 to 29 months among whom core vaccine coverage is typically determined by the Peruvian authorities and children aged 30 to 59 months who may have received the core vaccines at older ages. The associations between relative wealth, location, maternal education, primary maternal language and the outcome, participation in an immunization campaign within the past 2 years were estimated using logistic regression models adjusted for survey design in each age group. Results. For children aged 18 to 29 months, campaign participation was higher if the mother had completed secondary school compared with those not having completed secondary school (27.4% vs 20.1% [prevalence odds ratio (POR) = 1.51 (1.08, 2.13)]). For children aged 30 to 59 months, campaign participation was higher if the mother had completed secondary school (40.4% vs 35.1% [POR = 1.23 (1.02, 1.49)], adjusted for residence) and if the child resided in Lima versus in other urban areas (46% vs 35.4% [POR = 1.52 (1.16, 2.01)], adjusted for maternal education). Relative wealth and mothers' primary language were not associated with campaign participation. Conclusions. This study suggests that children of mothers with higher education and those residing in Lima had higher prevalence odds of reporting that their children had participated in a vaccination campaign. This contrasts with the populations vaccination campaigns typically target (poor, rural, or indigenous) to improve vaccination coverage.