ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Screening for congenital heart diseases by pulse oximetry is used for the initial assessment of the neonate. Variants of hemoglobin F can compromise light absorbance, inducing erroneous results. CASE REPORT: Two infants screened for congenital heart disease showed an asymptomatic low peripheral oxygen saturation. Arterial blood gases analysis revealed a normal arterial pressure of oxygen and oxygen saturation. More likely and/or severe causes of hypoxemia were ruled out. This "artifact" with SpO2-SaO2 dissociation, and after exclusion of other common etiologies of hypoxemia, raised the clinical suspicion of hemoglobinopathy. Hemoglobin molecular and genetic studies identified specific mutations in gamma chains from hemoglobin F, named hemoglobin F Sardinia. CONCLUSION: Hemoglobin F variants may result in low peripheral oxygen saturation readings by pulse oximetry, explaining the discordance in the clinical appearance and low peripheral oxygen saturation readings.
Subject(s)
Fetal Hemoglobin , Heart Defects, Congenital , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Humans , Oximetry/adverse effects , Oximetry/methods , Oxygen , Hypoxia/diagnosis , Heart Defects, Congenital/diagnosis , Heart Defects, Congenital/complicationsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Time-motion analysis has been used to provide detailed insight into surfers' performance. This study evaluated surfers' activity times at the Portuguese surfing championship in order to account for the time spent in each surfing activity. METHODS: Eighty-seven individually recorded videos of surfers were analyzed, showing their activity over the entire heat, and video analysis software was used to obtain each surfer's activity profile in the competition. RESULTS: The results breakdown by time percentage show that the surfers were paddling 50.9% of the time, sprint paddling for wave 1.9%, were stationary 34.1% of the time, wave riding 3.7%, and involved in miscellaneous activities (e.g., duck diving, board recovery, etc.) 9.4% of the total time. Average times spent in each surfing activity were 18.6 seconds for paddling, 2.9 seconds for sprint paddling for a wave, 21.7 seconds for the stationary period, 11.5 seconds for wave riding, and 6.9 seconds for miscellaneous activities. CONCLUSIONS: The data revealed that the most performed heat activity was paddling, allowing us to conclude that surfing is basically a long-arm paddling activity and that this activity constitutes a specific surfing competition demand, which in turn means that individual surfer's data can be used as a starting point for the development of tailored conditioning training programs.
Subject(s)
Athletic Performance/physiology , Movement/physiology , Time and Motion Studies , Water Sports/physiology , Athletes , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Portugal , Reference Values , Sex Factors , Time Factors , Video RecordingABSTRACT
SUMMARY BACKGROUND: Time-motion analysis has been used to provide detailed insight into surfers' performance. This study evaluated surfers' activity times at the Portuguese surfing championship in order to account for the time spent in each surfing activity. METHODS: Eighty-seven individually recorded videos of surfers were analyzed, showing their activity over the entire heat, and video analysis software was used to obtain each surfer's activity profile in the competition. RESULTS: The results breakdown by time percentage show that the surfers were paddling 50.9% of the time, sprint paddling for wave 1.9%, were stationary 34.1% of the time, wave riding 3.7%, and involved in miscellaneous activities (e.g., duck diving, board recovery, etc.) 9.4% of the total time. Average times spent in each surfing activity were 18.6 seconds for paddling, 2.9 seconds for sprint paddling for a wave, 21.7 seconds for the stationary period, 11.5 seconds for wave riding, and 6.9 seconds for miscellaneous activities. CONCLUSIONS: The data revealed that the most performed heat activity was paddling, allowing us to conclude that surfing is basically a long-arm paddling activity and that this activity constitutes a specific surfing competition demand, which in turn means that individual surfer's data can be used as a starting point for the development of tailored conditioning training programs.
RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A análise temporal dos movimentos tem sido usada para fornecer informações detalhadas sobre o desempenho dos surfistas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os tempos das atividades dos surfistas em um campeonato português de surfe, em nível nacional, a fim de contabilizar o tempo gasto em cada movimento do surfe. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas 87 filmagens individuais dos surfistas, durante os diversos heats que decorreram ao longo da competição, sendo estas analisadas com um software para obtenção do perfil das atividades dos surfistas na competição. RESULTADOS: Os dados obtidos revelaram que o movimento de remada correspondeu a 50,9% do tempo total despendido na competição, a remada para apanhar a onda consistiu em 1,9%, o período estacionário compreendeu 34,1%, o ato de apanhar a onda de apenas 3,7% e outras atividades (bico de pato, recuperação da prancha etc.) envolveram 9,4% do tempo total da competição. Os tempos médios gastos em cada atividade de surfe foram de 18,6 segundos para remada, 2,9 segundos para remada para apanhar a onda, 21,7 segundos para o período estacionário, 11,5 segundos para andar de onda e 6,9 segundos para outras atividades. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados revelaram que o surfe consiste em uma atividade que abrange longos períodos de remada, envolvendo uma demanda energética específica para a prática desse esporte. Os dados obtidos são necessários para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de treinamento que levem em consideração o tempo gasto em cada atividade do surfe e o consequente metabolismo energético envolvido, a fim de que se efetive uma prescrição adequada de um programa de treinamento.
