ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: We examined the rate of uninsurance among persons seeking detoxification at a large drug treatment program in Massachusetts in 2013, five years after insurance mandates. METHODS: We interviewed three hundred and forty opioid dependent persons admitted for inpatient detoxification in Fall River, Massachusetts. Potential predictors of self-reported insurance status included age, gender, ethnicity, employment, homelessness, years of education, current legal status, and self-perceived health status. RESULTS: Participants mean age was 32 years, 71% were male, and 87% were non-Hispanic Caucasian. Twenty-three percent were uninsured. In the multivariate model, the odds of being uninsured was positively associated with years of education (OR=1.22, 95% CI=1.03; 1.46, p<.05), higher among males than females (OR=2.63, 95% CI=1.33; 5.20, p<.01), and inversely associated with age (OR=0.94, 95% CI=0.90; 0.98, p<.01). CONCLUSION: Opioid dependent persons recruited from a detoxification program in Massachusetts are uninsured at rates far above the state average. With the arrival of the Affordable Care Act, drug treatment programs in Massachusetts and nationally will be important sites to target to expand health coverage.
Subject(s)
Medically Uninsured/statistics & numerical data , Opioid-Related Disorders/rehabilitation , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Age Factors , Educational Status , Ethnicity , Female , Humans , Insurance Coverage , Insurance, Health/legislation & jurisprudence , Insurance, Health/statistics & numerical data , Male , Massachusetts/epidemiology , Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , Sex Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Treatment OutcomeSubject(s)
Animal Welfare , Breeding , Dogs , Animals , Breeding/legislation & jurisprudence , Breeding/methods , Breeding/standards , Cooperative Behavior , Health Policy , Health Status , Pedigree , Societies , United KingdomABSTRACT
Bos indicus-crossbred calves exposed to natural Babesia bovis infection in wet and dry tropical environments in northern Queensland were tested for antibodies using the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test. There was evidence of maternal antibodies suggesting endemicity of B. bovis in the 2 environments. Within one year 35.3 to 94.6% of the calves had acquired B. bovis infection. The highest titres and most rapid conversion rates were observed just after the wet season when the tick population was at its peak. Clinical disease was not observed. A third group of Bos indicus-cross cattle of varying ages in a dry tropical environment of north Queensland was examined for antibodies against B. bovis and Anaplasma marginale using the IHA and complement fixation (CF) tests, respectively. B. bovis and A. marginale antibodies were detected on the farm but clinical disease did not occur.
Subject(s)
Anaplasmosis/immunology , Babesiosis/immunology , Cattle Diseases/immunology , Animals , Antibodies/analysis , Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis , Australia , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/microbiology , Cattle Diseases/parasitology , Hemagglutination Tests/veterinary , Rain , Tropical ClimateABSTRACT
Natural infection of calves with Anaplasma marginale was studied in two endemic areas of tropical north Queensland. Infection, assessed by a micro-complement fixation test, occurred throughout the year but was most frequent just after the summer wet season. Infection was clinically inapparent. Calves vaccinated with A. centrale did not show improved growth rate when compared with non-vaccinated calves. The complement fixation test was shown to be most effective in the detection of recent infections.
Subject(s)
Anaplasmosis/etiology , Cattle Diseases/etiology , Anaplasmosis/immunology , Anaplasmosis/prevention & control , Animals , Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/immunology , Cattle Diseases/prevention & control , Vaccination/veterinaryABSTRACT
Neutralising antibody to Akabane virus was shown to develop in cattle in northern Australia throughout the year and also on the east coast of New South Wales in the summer during 1975/1976. Other species found to have antibody to Akabane virus were buffaloes, horses, camels and sheep, but no antibody was found in domestic chickens, ducks, wallabies or man. The biting midge Culicoides brevitarsis has been detected in all the major areas where antibody was demonstrated in this study.
