The vestigial locus of Drosophila melanogaster is involved in resistance to inhibitors of dTMP synthesis.

The vestigal (vg) gene encodes a nuclear protein which plays a major role in the formation of the wing of Drosophila. Resistance or sensitivity to aminopterin, an inhibitor of the dihydrofolate reductase enzyme in D. melanogaster, seems to be associated with a specific alteration in vg gene function. Wild-type and vg mutant strains selected for growth on increasing concentrations of aminopterin display changes in physiological and biochemical parameters such as viability on normal and aminopterin-containing media, duration of development, wing phenotype, dihydrofolate reductase activity, and cross-resistance to fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) and to methotrexate. Our results indicate that the mechanisms of resistance differ in the wild-type and mutant strains. The vg83b27 mutant, in which the major part of intron 2 of the vg gene is deleted, is associated with a high rate of resistance to FUdR, an inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase. Moreover, vg83b27/vgBG heterozygotes, which are wild type when grown on normal medium, display a strong vg phenotype when grown on aminopterin. Our results indicate a role for the vestigial locus in mediating resistance to inhibitors of dTMP synthesis.

Abnormal genetic segregation associated with the presence of a Y. w+ chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster.

We have observed an abnormal genetic segregation in the progeny of crosses between males of the F71 (y wa/Y.w+) strain and females of various strains carrying marker mutations on their chromosome 2. The Y.w+ chromosome, previously described as possibly being associated with a translocation of the 22D region of chromosome 2, was shown to carry the 21A1-22E4 tip of the 2L chromosome. One chromosome 2 of F71 had a deletion of this region. The abnormal genetic segregation observed in the progeny of different crosses can be explained both by the partial lethality (which becomes severe in some homogeneous genetic backgrounds) due to trisomy of the 21A1-22E4 chromosome 2 fragment and by the lethality associated with monosomy of this 21A1-22E4 segment.

Comparative study of molecular characteristics of X and Y nucleolar organizers of various lines of Drosophila melanogaster.

We have determined for the X chromosomes of 10 laboratory strains and the Y chromosomes of 4 of them both the total number of ribosomal units and the relative percentages of uninterrupted (ins-), type 1 (ins1: with distinction between small ins1S and large ins1L) and type 2 (ins2) interrupted ribosomal units. These studies were made with the DNA extracted from third instar larval diploid tissues (brains and imaginal discs) of X/X female lines or XNO-/Y male lineages (devoid of X ribosomal genes) whose members possess copies of the same initial X or Y chromosome. Between the X chromosomes as well as the Y chromosomes an approximately equal to 2-fold variation was observed in the total number of ribosomal genes: from approximately equal to 200 to 420 for the X chromosomes and from approximately equal to 150 to 330 for the Y ones. The Y chromosomes are devoid of insertion 1 interrupted units, but one can observe some variation in the percentage and hence the absolute numbers of uninterrupted and insertion 2 interrupted units. Among the X chromosomes a very large variation exists between the percentage and absolute number of all the ribosomal unit types; it is to be noted especially that the number of uninterrupted units, which are the only kind of ribosomal genes actively transcribed, can vary from about 20 to 140 without any differences in the development of the different strains.

Comparison between the molecular characteristics and the potential activity of X and Y nucleolar organizers from various Drosophila melanogaster laboratory lines.

The molecular characteristics of nucleolar organizers from X and Y chromosomes of different Drosophila melanogaster lines have previously been studied (17). By analysis of appropriate genetic crosses we show in the present study that the X and Y chromosomes of these lines can confer different degrees of resistance on an inhibitor of ribosomal RNA synthesis (beta exotoxin or thuringiensin) present in the thermostable supernatant of Bacillus thuringiensis cultures. None of the lines studied gives rise to any particular phenotype under normal culture conditions; variations in the degree of supernatant resistance of these lines provide a relative measure of what can be called the potential activity of the nucleolar organizers of the different X and/or Y chromosomes. The potential activity of the Y nucleolar organizers is found to be generally higher than that of the X organizers. This result can be correlated with the fact that the number of uninterrupted ribosomal units is much greater on the Y chromosomes than on the Xs. Significant variations in potential activity have been shown to occur among the X as also among the Y nucleolar organizers. Comparison between the molecular characteristics of the nucleolar organizers and their level of activity shows that among the different ribosomal units, only those devoid of insertion interfere with the level of activity. However, some of our results could also indicate that not all the uninterrupted units have the same level of activity; this level could be related to the size of the nontranscribed spacer of the ribosomal units.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Use of the supernatant from cultures of Bacillus thuringiensis in an in vivo study of the functioning of the nucleolar organizer in Drosophila melanogaster]. / Utilisation du surnageant de cultures de Bacillus thuringiensis dans une étude in vivo du fonctionnement de l'organisateur nucléolaire chez Drosophila melanogaster.

The use of Drosophila melanogaster mutants deficient in active ribosomal genes, allowed us to demonstrate that the in vivo degree of resistance to a given concentration of supernatant from Bacillus thuringiensis cultures, can be an indication of the ribosomal genes functional level.