ABSTRACT
This study aimed to measure in French children personal exposure concentrations of black carbon (BC) and ultrafine particles (UFP) and to quantify the contribution of different microenvironments (home, school, places of extracurricular activities, transport) to their total exposure. It was conducted on 96 9-year-old children from the PARIS birth cohort. BC and UFP were continuously measured by portable devices (microAeth® AE51 and DiSCmini® ) for a minimum of 24 hours, while participating families simultaneously filled in a space-time-activities-budget questionnaire. BC exposure concentration was higher during trips (principally metro/train and bus), while UFP exposure concentration was higher during indoor activities (mainly eating at restaurants) and in trips. The most important UFP peaks were measured at home, especially during cooking. Home and school together accounted for much of the total exposure, 83.8% for BC and 85.3% for UFP. The contribution of transport to total exposure was 12.4% for BC and 9.7% for UFP, while extracurricular activities were responsible for 3.8% and 5% of the total exposure to BC and UFP, respectively.
Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis , Carbon/analysis , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Child , Cohort Studies , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Female , France , Housing , Humans , Male , Particle Size , Particulate Matter/analysis , Schools , StudentsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the status in selected saturated (SFAs) and monounsaturated (MUFAs) fatty acids and the Stiffness Index (SI) in Inuit women from Nunavik (Northern Quebec, Canada). DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING: Inuit population from 14 communities who participated to Qanuippitaa? How are we? Nunavik Inuit Health Survey in 2004. PARTICIPANTS: 187 Inuit women aged 35-72 years. MEASUREMENTS: SI was determined by ultrasonography (Achilles InSight device) at the right calcaneus of participants. SFAs and MUFAs contents of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids were measured after transmethylation by gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector. Several factors known to be associated with bone strength were concomitantly recorded. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate relations between selected SFAs, MUFAs and SI, taking into consideration several potential confounders and covariates. RESULTS: Total SFAs, in particular behenic acid, and cis-vaccenic acid among MUFAs were negatively associated with SI (ß = -0.028, SE = 0.011, p = 0.0084; ß = -0.060, SE = 0.023, p = 0.0093 and ß = -0.087, SE = 0.019, p <0.0001, respectively), whereas total cis-MUFAs and specifically oleic acid were positively associated with SI (ß = 0.036, SE = 0.011, p = 0.0008; ß = 0.037, SE = 0.011, p = 0.0014, respectively) after adjustment for several covariates. CONCLUSION: Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid status is associated with bone strength estimated by calcaneal SI values in Inuit women from Nunavik.
Subject(s)
Bone and Bones/physiology , Calcaneus/drug effects , Calcaneus/diagnostic imaging , Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/administration & dosage , Fatty Acids/administration & dosage , Adult , Aged , Canada , Cross-Sectional Studies , Erythrocyte Membrane/drug effects , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Inuit , Life Style , Linear Models , Middle Aged , Motor Activity , Multivariate Analysis , Oleic Acids/administration & dosage , Quebec , Surveys and Questionnaires , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
Several studies have reported that the status in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and the omega-3/omega-6 PUFA ratio are positively related to bone health. This study aimed at examining the relationship between the status of different PUFAs and bone strength expressed by the stiffness index (SI) among indigenous women in northern Canada and Greenland, whose diets are rich in PUFAs compared to those of non-Aboriginals. Our study includes 118 Inuit women from Nuuk (Greenland), 195 Inuit women from Nunavik (Canada), and 249 Cree women of from East James Bay (Canada). Projects in Nunavik and in the Cree communities had a cross-sectional design and the Greenland project, a longitudinal design. The content of some PUFAs phospholipids of erythrocyte membranes was measured after transmethylation by gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector. Stiffness index was measured by ultrasound at the right calcaneus with a water-bath Achilles Lunar instrument (Greenland) or an Achilles Insight instrument (Nunavik, East James Bay). Relations between SI and various PUFAs were studied using multiple linear regression analyses. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was positively and significantly associated with SI (log), even after adjustment for several confounders and covariates in all three projects. A high EPA status, resulting mainly from the consumption of fatty fish or marine mammal fat, seems to have a positive effect on bone strength measured by ultrasonography among Aboriginal women from three different populations.
