ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Cognitive impairment and dementia are common in PD; however, no stable marker of cognitive dysfunction is available. Transcranial sonography can evaluate global and focal brain atrophy and has been widely used in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism. METHODS: 225 consecutive PD patients were recruited in a two-center cross sectional study and underwent a standardized sonographic protocol assessing the third ventricle's width and substantia nigra hyperechogenicity. All subjects were evaluated with an extensive motor and cognitive battery. RESULTS: 222 PD patients were included and classified as PD with normal cognition (PDNC; nâ¯=â¯130), mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI; nâ¯=â¯61) and dementia (PDD; nâ¯=â¯31). Ventricular width correlated strongly with cognitive performance in all cognitive domains (pâ¯<â¯0.001) while SN size did not. PDD patients had significantly wider ventricles than PD patients without dementia (pâ¯<â¯0.001) while differences between PD-MCI and PDNC or PDD were less strong (pâ¯<â¯0.05). There were no group differences in SN size. ROC analyses resulted in age-related cut-offs of third ventricular diameter for the prediction of PDD (6.0 and 7.5 mm for subjects < and ≥70 years of age, respectively). These cut-offs significantly differentiated PDD from PDNC (p < 0.001) and from all patients without dementia (PDNC + PD-MCI; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The third ventricular diameter correlated with cognitive performance in all domains and was able to differentiate PDD patients from those without dementia. Longitudinal studies are warranted to evaluate whether transcranial sonography could identify PD patients at risk for a rapid cognitive decline.
Subject(s)
Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnostic imaging , Dementia/diagnostic imaging , Parkinson Disease/complications , Third Ventricle/diagnostic imaging , Aged , Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dementia/etiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Parkinson Disease/diagnostic imaging , Ultrasonography, Doppler, TranscranialSubject(s)
Aging , Parkinson Disease/complications , Parkinson Disease/diagnosis , Prodromal Symptoms , Sex Characteristics , Age Factors , Female , Humans , MaleSubject(s)
Parkinson Disease/psychology , Aged , Disease Progression , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Mental Status Schedule , Middle Aged , Neuropsychological Tests , Odds Ratio , Parkinson Disease/diagnosis , Prodromal Symptoms , Prospective Studies , Psychiatric Status Rating ScalesABSTRACT
There is evidence that nigrostriatal pathology may at least partly underlie mild Parkinsonian signs. We evaluated whether an increase in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III (UPDRS-III) could be predicted by the presence of risk and prodromal markers for neurodegenerative diseases in elderly individuals without those diseases. Therefore, we analyzed the UPDRS-III score and various risk and prodromal markers known to antecede neurodegenerative diseases in a population-based cohort comprising 807 individuals free of neurodegenerative diseases at baseline. After 5 years, eight persons (1.0 %) were diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease (PD). Of those, seven (87.5 %) had motor worsening ≥3 points on the UPDRS-III from baseline to follow-up, one had two points increase. Of the 788 people without PD, 568 (72.1 %) showed no increase in the UPDRS-III scale, 220 (27.9 %) had ≥1 point increase and out of these 104 (13.2 %) had an increase of ≥3 points in the UPDRS-III score after 5 years. We identified an age >60 years (relative risk, RR = 1.7; confidence interval, CI 1.3-2.1) and the occurrence of ≥2 risk factors (RR = 1.5; CI 1.2-1.9) as possible predictors of motor progression. After 5 years, individuals with an increase in the UPDRS-III score had more often a one-sided reduced arm swing (p < 0.001) and identified less odors in the Sniffin' sticks test (p < 0.041) than persons with stable motor performance. Our data support the assumption that progression of Parkinsonian signs assessed by the UPDRS-III parallels the development of prodromal markers for neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly population.
Subject(s)
Motor Activity/physiology , Parkinson Disease/physiopathology , Prodromal Symptoms , Aged , Disease Progression , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: SN hyperechogenicity (SN+), determined by transcranial sonography, has been proposed as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, we reported a 17.4-fold increased risk for PD in individuals with SN+ older than 50 years within 3 years. METHODS: This is the second follow-up of a prospective, longitudinal, three-center observational study after 5 years. Of the initial 1,847 at baseline PD-free participants 50 years or older, 1,271 underwent the 5-year reassessment. RESULTS: Within 5 years, 21 individuals developed incident PD. Participants with SN+ at baseline had a more than 20.6 times increased risk to develop PD in this time span than those without this echo feature. CONCLUSION: We thus confirm our finding of the 3-year follow-up examination in a longer observation time and higher number of individuals with incident PD and suggest SN+ as an important risk marker for PD.
