Case report: Axillary lymph node metastases from primary ovarian cancer: a report of two cases and literature review.

Ovarian cancer is usually confined intraperitoneally. Distant metastases at presentation is unusual. Its spread via lymphatics is uncommon, and metastasis to axillary lymph nodes is very rare. We report two cases with presentation of axillary lymphadenopathy without breast involvement. Computed tomography scan identified the ovarian masses. Both had elevated Serum Ca 125. The first case had a Grade 2 ovarian endometrioid carcinoma. The second case had a high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. These cases illustrate the rarity of axillary lymphadenopathy from ovarian cancer. It is important to identify the primary ovarian carcinoma in order to offer appropriate management. Despite surgery and chemotherapy, both succumbed within 3 years from diagnosis.

Abnormal Pap smear among pregnant women - Feasibility of opportunistic cervical screening.

Objective: The uptake of cervical cancer screening is poor, especially in developing countries. Thus, pregnancy represents a good opportunity to have the test done. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of abnormal Pap smear among pregnant women during their antenatal check-ups. Study design: A prospective study involving five hundred and ninety-six women was recruited over a 1-year duration from 15th January 2018 until 14th January 2019 in a tertiary referral center, in Malaysia. Pap smears were performed on all consented pregnant women using liquid-based cytology and the results were obtained to evaluate the prevalence of abnormal Pap smear during pregnancy. Maternal risk factors associated with abnormal Pap smear were identified and the outcomes of abnormal Pap smear were followed up. Results: A total of 670 participants were approached and 596 participants agreed to participate, giving a response rate of 89.0 %. Therefore, 587 participants were available for analysis. There were nine unsatisfactory smears (1.5 %). The prevalence of premalignant lesions reported on p % ap smear was 0.8 %. Three respondents had atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) (0.5 %) and two respondents had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) (0.3 %). Almost one-third (30.3 %) of respondents had an infection and 24 (4.1 %) smears were reported as reactive changes associated with inflammation. Respondents between the age of 20-30 years old had a significant association with an abnormal pre-cancerous smear (p = 0.000) as well as nulliparity (p = 0.0.40). There was no significant association between height, weight, BMI, sexual partner, age of first intercourse, smoking habit, history of sexually transmitted disease and history of abnormal Pap smear. Conclusion: The prevalence of abnormal pre-cancerous smears during pregnancy is low. However, it is desirable to perform cervical screening as it provides an opportunity to no screening at all.

Neuroendocrine carcinoma of tonsil presented with axillary lymph node metastasis: Management dilemma.

ABSTRACT: High-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the tonsil is rare and has a poor prognosis. The usual presentation is a neck mass with locoregional cervical lymphadenopathy. An axillary lymphadenopathy as a primary presentation of NEC of the tonsils is uncommon and challenging to treat. Tonsil neuroendocrine tumors display aggressive behaviors associated with early recurrence and metastasis after surgical resection. Managing this condition is demanding compared to NECs of gastrointestinal origin since, to date, the management of head-and-neck neuroendocrine tumors is still not well established. We present a 49-year-old female with a rare case of NEC of the tonsil presenting primarily with axillary lymph nodes metastasis. The patient's axillary lymph node was biopsied and revealed a Grade III neuroendocrine tumor. A positron emission tomography (PET) scan was done in searching of a primary lesion and showed a highly metabolic mass of the left tonsil as well as a left axillary lymph node suggestive of metastasis. The patient has been managed with a multimodality approach, with a combination of chemotherapy regimen and surgical resection of the axillary lymph node. Subsequent PET scan evaluation showed a complete response of the primary tumor with residual left axillary lymph node metastasis. NECs of tonsil presented with axillary lymph nodes metastasis is rare and has a poor prognostic outcome. It poses a dilemma with regard to management, as surgical resection of the metastasis is not promising given the possibility of early recurrence.

A study of HER2 expression in endometrial carcinoma: a single centre experience.

INTRODUCTION: endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the seventh most common cancer in females in Malaysia, of which the majority is composed of lower grade type I EC. Although less prevalent, type II EC which is of higher grade has poorer outcome and prognosis. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is one of the possible prognostic molecular markers which can be a target for immunotherapy. This study aimed to assess the expression of HER2 in common type of EC in the local population and to determine its correlation with the clinicopathological features. METHODS: a total of 53 cases of endometrioid type of EC were selected within a six-year period comprising of 22 cases of grade 1, 25 cases of grade 2 and six cases of grade 3 carcinoma. The selected whole tumour tissue sections were immune-stained with HER2 antibody. The scoring was semi-quantitatively analyzed based on 2013 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)/College of American Pathologists (CAPs) guidelines for the scoring of HER2 in breast cancer. RESULTS: all cases regardless of grades of endometrioid carcinoma showed negative expression of HER2 (score 0). CONCLUSION: there was no significant HER2 expression in endometrioid carcinoma. However, a follow-up study with a larger number of samples from different type of endometrial carcinoma is needed. Testing of several tumour tissue blocks to assess possible tumour heterogeneity, as well as correlation with HER2 gene amplification status by in-situ-hybridisation, are also recommended.

Nonkeratinizing carcinoma of the sinonasal tract: A diagnosis of confusing nomenclature

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVE</strong>: To describe a rare case of nonkeratinizing carcinoma of the sinonasal tract and review the literature on the nomenclature of its many synonyms.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS</strong>: <br /><strong>Design</strong>: Case Report<br /><strong>Setting</strong>: Tertiary Referral Center<br /><strong>Patient</strong>: One<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS</strong>: A 45-year-old female presented with a 6-month history of left nasal obstruction associated with epistaxis. Computed tomography revealed a mass expanding the left nasal cavity with the epicenter arising from the anterior ethmoidal air cells. Endoscopic resection of the tumor was carried out but as there was residual tumor, she then underwent endoscopic-assisted medial maxillectomy via a lateral rhinotomy. A subsequent computed tomography scan showed residual tumor adhering to the ipsilateral periorbita. The patient has so far declined intensity modulated radiotherapy that was advised though she is still under regular follow-up.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION</strong>: Nonkeratinizing carcinoma of the sinonasal tract is a rare entity and there are very few reports concerning this type of malignancy. This may be partly due to its many synonyms, such as cylindrical cell carcinoma, Schneiderian carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma. Nomenclature of this tumor should be standardized to avoid confusion and misdocumentation.</p>