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1.
Int J Parasitol ; 41(1): 99-108, 2011 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20849858

ABSTRACT

Trypanosoma cruzi flavoproteins TcCPR-A, TcCPR-B and TcCPR-C are members of the NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 reductase family expressed in the parasite. Epimastigotes over-expressing TcCPR-B and TcCPR-C showed enhanced ergosterol biosynthesis and increased NADP(+)/NADPH ratio. Transgenic parasites with augmented ergosterol content presented a higher membrane order with a corresponding diminished bulk-phase endocytosis. These results support a significant role for TcCPR-B and TcCPR-C in the sterol biosynthetic pathway and to our knowledge for the first time reveals the participation of more than one CPR in this metabolic route. Notably, TcCPR-B was found in reservosomes while TcCPR-C localised in the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, we suggest a different role for TcCPR-A, since its over-expression is lethal, displaying cells with an increased DNA content, aberrant morphology and severe ultrastructural alterations.


Subject(s)
Biosynthetic Pathways/genetics , NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase/metabolism , Sterols/biosynthesis , Trypanosoma cruzi/genetics , Trypanosoma cruzi/metabolism , Animals , Cell Membrane/chemistry , Gene Expression , NADP/analysis , NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase/genetics , Organelles/enzymology , Phagocytosis , Trypanosoma cruzi/chemistry
2.
Mol Biochem Parasitol ; 160(1): 42-51, 2008 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18455247

ABSTRACT

Cytochrome P450 hemoproteins (CYPs) are involved in the synthesis of endogenous compounds such as steroids, fatty acids and prostaglandins as well as in the activation and detoxification of foreign compounds including therapeutic drugs. Cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR, E.C.1.6.2.4) transfers electrons from NADPH to a number of hemoproteins such as CYPs, cytochrome c, cytochrome b5, and heme oxygenase. This work presents the complete sequences of three non-allelic CPR genes from Trypanosoma cruzi. The encoded proteins named TcCPR-A, TcCPR-B and TcCPR-C have calculated molecular masses of 68.6kDa, 78.4kDa and 71.3kDa, respectively. Deduced amino acid sequences share 11% amino acid identity, possess the conserved binding domains for FMN, FAD and NADPH and differ in the hydrophobic 27-amino acid residues of the N-terminal extension, which is absent in TcCPR-A. Every T. cruzi CPRs, TcCPR-A, TcCPR-B and TcCPR-C, were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. All of the recombinant enzymes reduced cytochrome c in a NADPH absolutely dependent manner with low K(m) values for this cofactor. They all were also strongly inhibited by diphenyleneiodonium, a classical flavoenzyme inhibitor. In addition, TcCPRs could support CYP activities when assayed in reconstituted systems containing rat liver microsomes. Polyclonal antiserum rose against the recombinant enzymes TcCPR-A and TcCPR-B demonstrated its presence in every T. cruzi developmental stages, with a remarkable expression of TcCPR-A in cell-cultured trypomastigotes. Overexpression of TcCPR-B in T. cruzi epimastigotes increased its resistance to the typical chemotherapeutic agents Nifurtimox and Benznidazole. We suggest a participation of TcCPR-B in the detoxification metabolism of the parasite.


Subject(s)
Drug Resistance , NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase/metabolism , Trypanosoma cruzi/enzymology , Trypanosoma cruzi/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , DNA, Protozoan/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli/enzymology , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Molecular Sequence Data , Rats , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Transfection
3.
Exp Parasitol ; 117(2): 188-94, 2007 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17673202

ABSTRACT

The trypanocidal activity of catechins on Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream trypomastigotes has been previously reported. Herein, we present the effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) on parasitemia and survival in a murine model of acute Chagas' disease as well as on the epimastigote form of the parasite. Upon intraperitoneal administration of daily doses of 0.8 mg/kg/day of EGCg for 45 days, mice survival rates increased from 11% to 60%, while parasitemia diminished to 50%. No side effects were observed in EGCg-treated animals. Fifty percent inhibition of epimastigotes growth was achieved with 311 microM EGCg 120 h after drug addition. No lysis, total culture growth inhibition or morphological changes were observed upon addition of 1-3mM EGCg at 24 h. This treatment also produced oligosomal fragmentation of epimastigotes DNA, suggesting a programmed cell death (PCD)-like process. All these findings point out EGCg as a potential new lead compound for chemotherapy of Chagas' disease.


Subject(s)
Catechin/analogs & derivatives , Chagas Disease/drug therapy , Trypanocidal Agents/pharmacology , Trypanosoma cruzi/drug effects , Animals , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Antioxidants/toxicity , Catechin/pharmacology , Catechin/therapeutic use , Catechin/toxicity , Chagas Disease/parasitology , DNA Fragmentation/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Hepatocytes/drug effects , In Situ Nick-End Labeling , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Parasitemia/drug therapy , Parasitemia/parasitology , Random Allocation , Trypanocidal Agents/therapeutic use , Trypanocidal Agents/toxicity , Trypanosoma cruzi/genetics , Trypanosoma cruzi/growth & development
4.
FASEB J ; 20(3): 550-2, 2006 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16423878

ABSTRACT

To investigate retinal involvement in chronic Chagas' disease, we performed electroretinography and retinal fluorescein angiography studies in chagasic patients. Our results demonstrated a dissociated electrophysiological response characterized by both an abnormal reduction of the electroretinographic b-wave amplitude and a delayed latency, under the dark-adaptated condition. These alterations are compatible with a selective dysfunction of the rods. Antibodies raised against Trypanosoma cruzi that also interact with beta1-adrenergic receptor blocked light stimulation of cGMP-phosphodiesterase in bovine rod membranes. The specificity from the antibody-rhodopsin interaction was confirmed by Western blot analysis and antigenic competition experiments. Our results suggest an immunomediated rhodopsin blockade. T. cruzi infection probably induces an autoimmune response against rhodopsin in the chronic phase of Chagas' disease through a molecular mimicry mechanism similar to that described previously on cardiac human beta1-adrenergic and M2-cholinergic receptors, all related to the same subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology , Autoimmune Diseases/etiology , Chagas Disease/immunology , Immunoglobulin G/immunology , Retinal Diseases/etiology , Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells/immunology , Rhodopsin/immunology , Trypanosoma cruzi/immunology , 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases/physiology , Adult , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Autoimmune Diseases/immunology , Autoimmune Diseases/physiopathology , Cattle , Chagas Disease/complications , Cross Reactions , Electroretinography , Female , Fluorescein Angiography , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Molecular Mimicry , Molecular Sequence Data , Reaction Time , Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/immunology , Retinal Diseases/immunology , Retinal Diseases/physiopathology , Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells/physiopathology , Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells/radiation effects , Rod Cell Outer Segment/immunology , Signal Transduction/radiation effects
5.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother ; 48(1): 69-74, 2004 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14693520

ABSTRACT

The trypanocidal action of green tea catechins against two different developmental stages of Trypanosoma cruzi is reported for the first time. This activity was assayed with the nonproliferative bloodstream trypomastigote and with the intracellular replicative amastigote parasite forms. An ethyl acetate fraction from Camellia sinensis green tea leaves, which contains most of the polyphenolic compounds and the maximal trypanocidal activity, was obtained by fractionation of the aqueous extract with organic solvents. The active compounds present in this extract were further purified by LH-20 column chromatography and were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis with a photo diode array detector and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy. The following flavan-3-ols derivatives, known as catechins, were identified: catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, catechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, and epigallocatechin gallate. The purified compounds lysed more than 50% of the parasites present in the blood of infected BALB/c mice at concentrations as low as 0.12 to 85 pM. The most active compounds were gallocatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate, with minimal bactericidal concentrations that inhibited 50% of isolates tested of 0.12 and 0.53 pM, respectively. The number of amastigotes in infected Vero cells decreased by 50% in the presence of each of these compounds at 100 nM. The effects of the catechins on the recombinant T. cruzi arginine kinase, a key enzyme in the energy metabolism of the parasite, were assayed. The activity of this enzyme was inhibited by about 50% by nanomolar concentrations of catechin gallate or gallocatechin gallate, whereas the other members of the group were less effective. On the basis of these results, we suggest that these compounds could be used to sterilize blood and, eventually, as therapeutic agents for Chagas' disease.


Subject(s)
Camellia/chemistry , Catechin/pharmacology , Trypanocidal Agents , Trypanosoma cruzi/drug effects , Animals , Arginine Kinase/metabolism , Catechin/therapeutic use , Chagas Disease/blood , Chagas Disease/drug therapy , Chagas Disease/parasitology , Chlorocebus aethiops , Chromatography, Gas , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Indicators and Reagents , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Trypanosoma cruzi/enzymology , Vero Cells
6.
Buenos Aires; s.n; 2002. 60 p. ilus, tab, graf. (83667).
Monography in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-83667

ABSTRACT

Un variado espectro de enfermedades hepáticas desencadenan el proceso fibrogénico. Habitualmente transcurren meses o años antes de que los procesos reparativos en respuesta a la injuria celular den lugar a distintos estadios de fibrosis. El estadio final del proceso fibrogénico hepático es la cirrosis. La progresión de la disfunción hepatocelular determina la evolución a un estado de insuficiencia hepática, así como las bandas de fibrosis condicionan en parte la hipertensión portal y por último es estímulo de regeneración sostenido observado en éstos pacientes incrementa el riesgo de desarrollo de un hepatocarcinoma. Desde hace algunos años, los esfuerzos realizados en este campo de la investigación permitieron comprender varios de los mecanismos fisiopatogénicos desde el punto de vista celular y molecular implicados en el desarrollo de fibrosis y la progresión a la cirrosis. Sobre la base de estos conocimientos se han podido identificar algunos puntos del proceso que podrían ser susceptibles de intervención farmacológica. Sin embargo, aunque variadas, las herramientas terapéuticas actuales no cubren todas las expectativas deseadas: 1) éxito terapéutico en la mayoría de los pacientes, 2) escasos o nulos efectos adversos, 3) mínimo porcentaje de contraindicaciones, y 4) costo que permita la accesibilidad a la mayoría de los pacientes. Los inhibidores de la enzima de conversión de la angiotensina han comprobado tener efectos antifibrogénicos en otros órganos, dichos hallazgos nos permitieron especular con su posible utilidad en el tratamiento de la cirrosis. Se trabajó en un modelo animal de injuria hepática crónica sin fenómenos de reversibilidad espontánea. El presente trabajo demostró que el enalapril previene el proceso fibrogénico una vez desencadenada la injuria celular hepática. Asimismo, se sugiere que la prolongación del tiempo de tratamiento mejora aún más la respuesta inicial. El enalapril también resultó efectivo en éste modelo en la reversión de la cirrosis recientemente constituida. Se evaluaron algunos probables mecanismos de acción del fármaco sobre la fibrogénesis hepática. El tratamiento disminuyó el grado de fibrosis, mejoró las alteraciones histoarquitecturales propias del proceso, disminuyó el porcentaje de las principales células implicadas en la fibrogénesis y modificó la expresión proteica de mediadores profibrogénicos y de activación celular... (TRUNCADO) (AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Male , Liver Cirrhosis/therapy , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/drug therapy , Biological Assay , Chronic Disease , Enalapril/therapeutic use , Enalapril/pharmacology , Rats, Wistar
7.
Buenos Aires; s.n; 2002. 60 p. ilus, tab, graf.
Monography in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: biblio-1205622

ABSTRACT

Un variado espectro de enfermedades hepáticas desencadenan el proceso fibrogénico. Habitualmente transcurren meses o años antes de que los procesos reparativos en respuesta a la injuria celular den lugar a distintos estadios de fibrosis. El estadio final del proceso fibrogénico hepático es la cirrosis. La progresión de la disfunción hepatocelular determina la evolución a un estado de insuficiencia hepática, así como las bandas de fibrosis condicionan en parte la hipertensión portal y por último es estímulo de regeneración sostenido observado en éstos pacientes incrementa el riesgo de desarrollo de un hepatocarcinoma. Desde hace algunos años, los esfuerzos realizados en este campo de la investigación permitieron comprender varios de los mecanismos fisiopatogénicos desde el punto de vista celular y molecular implicados en el desarrollo de fibrosis y la progresión a la cirrosis. Sobre la base de estos conocimientos se han podido identificar algunos puntos del proceso que podrían ser susceptibles de intervención farmacológica. Sin embargo, aunque variadas, las herramientas terapéuticas actuales no cubren todas las expectativas deseadas: 1) éxito terapéutico en la mayoría de los pacientes, 2) escasos o nulos efectos adversos, 3) mínimo porcentaje de contraindicaciones, y 4) costo que permita la accesibilidad a la mayoría de los pacientes. Los inhibidores de la enzima de conversión de la angiotensina han comprobado tener efectos antifibrogénicos en otros órganos, dichos hallazgos nos permitieron especular con su posible utilidad en el tratamiento de la cirrosis. Se trabajó en un modelo animal de injuria hepática crónica sin fenómenos de reversibilidad espontánea. El presente trabajo demostró que el enalapril previene el proceso fibrogénico una vez desencadenada la injuria celular hepática. Asimismo, se sugiere que la prolongación del tiempo de tratamiento mejora aún más la respuesta inicial. El enalapril también resultó efectivo en éste modelo en la reversión de la cirrosis recientemente constituida. Se evaluaron algunos probables mecanismos de acción del fármaco sobre la fibrogénesis hepática. El tratamiento disminuyó el grado de fibrosis, mejoró las alteraciones histoarquitecturales propias del proceso, disminuyó el porcentaje de las principales células implicadas en la fibrogénesis y modificó la expresión proteica de mediadores profibrogénicos y de activación celular... (TRUNCADO)


Subject(s)
Male , Animals , Rats , Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/drug therapy , Liver Cirrhosis/therapy , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Biological Assay , Chronic Disease , Enalapril/pharmacology , Enalapril/therapeutic use , Rats, Wistar
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