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1.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38884426

ABSTRACT

Depression is a leading cause of disability and reduced work capacity worldwide. The monoamine theory of the pathogenesis of depression has remained dominant for many decades, however, drugs developed on its basis have limited efficacy. Exploring alternative mechanisms underlying this pathology could illuminate new avenues for pharmacological intervention. Targeting glutamatergic pathways in the CNS, particularly through modulation of NMDA and AMPA receptors, demonstrates promising results. This review presents some existing drugs with glutamatergic activity and novel developments based on it to enhance the efficacy of pharmacotherapy for depressive disorders.


Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder , Receptors, AMPA , Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate , Humans , Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism , Receptors, AMPA/metabolism , Depressive Disorder/drug therapy , Depressive Disorder/metabolism , Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Animals
2.
Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) ; 69(6): 86-101, 2024 Jan 24.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38311998

ABSTRACT

2021 marks the 100th anniversary of the discovery of insulin, an event that forever changed the lives of people with diabetes mellitus. At present patients around the world experience the miracle of insulin therapy every day. A disease that used to kill children and teenagers in 2 years in 1920 has become a disease that can be controlled with a possibility to lead a long productive life. Over the past century, the great discovery of Banting, Best and Collip has forever changed the world and saved millions of lives. This review is devoted to the history of the development of insulin and its further improvement: from the moment of discovery to the present days. Various generations of insulin are considered: from animals to modern ultrashort and basal analogues. The article ends with a brief review of current trends in the development of new delivery methods and the development of new insulin molecules. Over the past century, insulin therapy has come a long way, which has significantly improved the quality of life of our patients. But research is actively continuing, including in the field of alternative methods of insulin delivery, which are more convenient for the patient, as well as in the development of «smart¼ molecules that will have a glucose-dependent effect.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus , Insulin , Animals , Humans , Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy , Insulin/history , Insulin/therapeutic use , Insulin, Regular, Human , Quality of Life , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century
3.
J Pathol ; 231(1): 88-97, 2013 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23775597

ABSTRACT

Multiple myeloma and B cell lymphoma are leading causes of death in Gaucher's disease but the nature of the stimulus driving the often noted clonal expansion of immunoglobulin-secreting B cells and cognate lymphoid malignancy is unknown. We investigated the long-term development of B cell malignancies in an authentic model of non-neuronopathic Gaucher's disease in mice: selective deficiency of ß-glucocerebrosidase in haematopoietic cells [Gba(tm1Karl/tm1Karl)Tg(Mx1-cre)1Cgn/0, with excision of exons 9-11 of the murine GBA1 gene, is induced by poly[I:C]. Mice with Gaucher's disease showed visceral storage of ß-glucosylceramide and greatly elevated plasma ß-glucosylsphingosine [median 57.9 (range 19.8-159) nm; n = 39] compared with control mice from the same strain [median 0.56 (range 0.04-1.38) nm; n = 29] (p < 0.0001). Sporadic fatal B cell lymphomas developed in 11 of 21 GD mice (6-24 months) but only two of eight control animals developed tumours by age 24 months. Unexpectedly, most mice with overt lymphoma had absent or few Gaucher cells but local inflammatory macrophages were present. Eleven of 39 of Gaucher mice developed monoclonal gammopathy, but in the control group only one animal of 25 had clonal immunoglobulin abnormalities. Seven of 10 of the B cell lymphomas were found to secrete a monoclonal paraprotein and the lymphomas stained intensely for pan-B cell markers; reactive T lymphocytes were also present in tumour tissue. In the Gaucher mouse strain, it was notable that, as in patients with this disease, CD138(+) plasma cells frequently surrounded splenic macrophages engorged with glycosphingolipid. Our strain of mice, with inducible deficiency of ß-glucocerebrosidase in haematopoietic cells and a high frequency of sporadic lethal B cell malignancies, faithfully recapitulates human Gaucher's disease: it serves as a tractable model to investigate the putative role of bioactive sphingolipids in the control of B cell proliferation and the pathogenesis of myelomatosis-the most prevalent human cancer associated with this disorder.


Subject(s)
Disease Models, Animal , Gaucher Disease/complications , Lymphoma, B-Cell/complications , Multiple Myeloma/complications , Animals , Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism , Bone Marrow Cells/pathology , Clone Cells , Female , Gaucher Disease/metabolism , Gaucher Disease/pathology , Glucosylceramidase/deficiency , Glucosylceramidase/genetics , Glucosylceramides/metabolism , Humans , Immunoglobulins/metabolism , Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism , Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology , Macrophages/metabolism , Macrophages/pathology , Male , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Multiple Myeloma/metabolism , Multiple Myeloma/pathology , Paraproteinemias/complications , Paraproteinemias/metabolism , Paraproteinemias/pathology , Psychosine/analogs & derivatives , Psychosine/blood , Spleen/metabolism , Spleen/pathology , Syndecan-1/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes/pathology
4.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20468098

ABSTRACT

AIM: To develop highly sensitive sandwich technique for identification of surface hepatitis B virus antigen (HBsAg) in serum and analyse of possible improvement of solid phase for immunoenzyme sandwich technique of HBsAg identification through variation of pH-dependent sorption of monoclonal antibodies on the surface of immune plates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Calibration curves for identification of HBsAg in sandwich techniques using 36 possible binary combinations of monoclonal antibodies of our panel (including high affinity antibodies to HBsAg produced by 6 hybridomas) were compared. Immobilization of antibodies on solid phase (by passive sorption) was performed at different pH values (2.8, 7.5, and 9.5). RESULTS: Analysis of panel of antibodies to HBsAg produced by 6 hybridomas revealed pH-dependent monoclonal antibodies (18C8), which immobilization at low pH values together with detecting antibodies F4F3 allowed to greatly improve sensitivity of the sandwich technique. Minimal credibly detectable concentration of HBsAg in sera of persons infected with hepatitis B virus was 0.013 - 0.017 ng/ml. Validation of sandwich technique was performed on certified panel of serum samples with various concentrations of HBsAg (different serotypes). CONCLUSION: Highly sensitive sandwich technique for detection of HBsAg was developed. It was shown that analysis of panel of monoclonal antibodies on pH-dependence could be used as simple methodical approach for optimization of immunoenzyme sandwich techniques for detection of different antigens.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Immobilized/immunology , Hepatitis Antibodies/immunology , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood , Hepatitis B virus/isolation & purification , Hepatitis B/diagnosis , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology , Hepatitis B/blood , Hepatitis B virus/immunology , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Sensitivity and Specificity
5.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18379499

ABSTRACT

A sample included 59 patients, 38 males and 21 females, mean age (M+/-SD) 33,4+/-10,2 years, age-at-onset 26+/-9,5 years, illness duration 7,8+/-6,1 years, with episodic progressive schizophrenia (ICD-10: schizophrenia, paranoid type, F20.0) with continuous course at the stage of exacerbation. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the PANSS. Platelet 5-HT content, 3H-serotonin uptake (Vmax), 3H-imipramine receptor density (Bmax), high- and low molecular weight human serotonin platelet transporter protein immunoreactivity (HMW-SERT and LMW-SERT values) were measured. The most frequent psychotic symptoms were delusions, conceptual disorganization and hallucinations, with the majority of patients experiencing from one to three symptoms. A significant increase of platelet 5-HT content and 3H-imipramine receptor density (Bmax) was found in male patients. In the male group, delusions, conceptual disorganization and hallucinations as well as PANSS psychotic cluster scores were correlated positively with 5-HT content and negatively with HMW-SERT and LMW-SERT values. Possible reasons of the differences in correlations of platelet 5-HT serotonin and serotonin transporter values with psychotic symptoms are discussed. The results are additional evidence for the involvement of serotonergic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of schizophrenic psychoses. They confirm the usefulness of testing of platelet 5-HT content and SERT immunoreactivity as biological markers of schizophrenic psychoses, in particular for male patents.


Subject(s)
Blood Platelets/metabolism , Psychotic Disorders/blood , Receptors, Drug/metabolism , Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3/metabolism , Schizophrenia, Paranoid/complications , Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism , Serotonin/metabolism , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Biomarkers , Female , Flow Cytometry , Humans , Imipramine , Immunoblotting , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Prognosis , Psychotic Disorders/complications , Psychotic Disorders/epidemiology , Schizophrenia, Paranoid/blood , Severity of Illness Index , Sex Factors
6.
Biochemistry (Mosc) ; 69(6): 629-41, 2004 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15236602

ABSTRACT

We have produced a panel of site-specific antibodies recognizing different regions of the human serotonin transporter (SERT). This panel included: 1) monoclonal antibodies 23C5 (mAbs 23C5) to the C-terminal region (amino acid residues 597-630); 2) polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) to the N-terminal region (amino acid residues 69-83); 3) pAbs to the region (amino acid residues 86-100) in the beginning of the first transmembrane domain (TMD). The antibodies were produced using recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides (containing certain sequences of SERT) as antigens. These antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography, conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and used for immunoblotting analysis of SERT in extracts of human platelets. Sodium dodecyl sulfate extracts were prepared under conditions preventing non-specific proteolytic degradation of the proteins. In platelet extracts, all antibodies were able to detect the 67 kD protein, apparently corresponding to full-length SERT molecule (its theoretical mass is about 70 kD). These antibodies also detected several polypeptides of smaller size (56, 37, 35, 32, 22, and 14 kD), apparently corresponding to N-terminal, C-terminal, and non-terminal SERT fragments. Specificity of immunostaining was confirmed by preincubation of HRP-labeled anti-SERT antibodies with excess of corresponding antigen, which resulted in disappearance of protein band staining. It is suggested that SERT undergoes a programmed proteolytic cleavage (processing) resulting in formation of several SERT-derived polypeptides of smaller size. It is possible that one of the cleaved SERT species is required for serotonin transport activity. Possible sites for specific proteolysis may be located in the region near TMD1 and in the intracellular loop between TMD4 and TMD5.


Subject(s)
Antibodies/immunology , Antibody Specificity/immunology , Blood Platelets/immunology , Blood Platelets/metabolism , Immunoenzyme Techniques/methods , Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis , Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology , Membrane Transport Proteins/analysis , Membrane Transport Proteins/immunology , Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis , Nerve Tissue Proteins/immunology , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Binding Sites, Antibody , Epitopes/chemistry , Epitopes/immunology , Humans , Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics , Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics , Molecular Sequence Data , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Peptide Fragments/chemistry , Peptide Fragments/immunology , Rats , Recombinant Proteins/analysis , Recombinant Proteins/genetics , Recombinant Proteins/immunology , Serotonin/metabolism , Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
7.
Klin Lab Diagn ; (3): 11-2, 2004 Mar.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15137196

ABSTRACT

The content of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and the level of 5 categories of lipid-peroxidation (LP) products were investigated in blood serum of 27 patients with atherogenic dislipidemic disorders. Multiple regression analysis was made for the dependence of the concentrations of TG and TC on a level of the LP circulating products. It was found that the parameters of the LP products' content in blood serum can be used to calculate the TG and TC concentrations, i.e. they are a system of indirect markers of a pronouncement degree of dislipidemic disorders.


Subject(s)
Hyperlipidemias/diagnosis , Lipid Peroxides/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Humans , Hyperlipidemias/blood , Hyperlipidemias/drug therapy , Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use , Lipid Peroxidation , Serum
8.
Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova ; 89(5): 551-5, 2003 May.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14502973

ABSTRACT

Complex anthropometric and laboratory investigation of 30 healthy men produced evidence that body mass index and the lipoperoxidation product contents in blood sera may be regarded as associated indirect markers of neutrophiles' functional status and immunoglobulinemia.


Subject(s)
Body Mass Index , Immunoglobulins/blood , Lipid Peroxides/blood , Neutrophils/physiology , Adult , Biomarkers/blood , Humans , Immunoglobulins/physiology , Male , Middle Aged , Phagocytosis/physiology
9.
Klin Lab Diagn ; (5): 11-2, 2003 May.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12822299

ABSTRACT

Examinations of 19 patients with dislipedemias (types IIA, IIB, III and IV) led to establishing the interrelations between the indices of the antigenic composition of circulating blood leukocytes, the total leukocyte count, the circulating neutrophil count and a severity of dislipidemia disorders (according to the parameters of the atherogenic coefficient and the beta-LP content). It was found that the assessment of polymorphism of circulating leukocytes could be used as an indirect evaluation of a severity of dislipidemia disorders.


Subject(s)
Antigens/analysis , Hyperlipidemias/diagnosis , Leukocytes/immunology , Antigens, CD/analysis , Arteriosclerosis/blood , Arteriosclerosis/etiology , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Humans , Hyperlipidemias/blood , Hyperlipidemias/complications , Leukocyte Count , Leukocytes/pathology
10.
Biochemistry (Mosc) ; 67(12): 1356-65, 2002 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12600264

ABSTRACT

The interaction between two different monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) and their corresponding bispecific antibodies (Babs) with immobilized antigens was investigated using an optical biosensor (IAsys). The analyzed panel of affinity-purified antibodies included two parental Mabs (one of which was specific to human IgG (hIgG), and another one to horseradish peroxidase (HRP)), as well as Babs derived thereof (anti-hIgG/HRP). Babs resulting from the fusion of parental hybridomas bear two antigen-binding sites toward two different antigens and thus may interact with immobilized antigen through only one antigen-binding site (monovalently). Using an IAsys biosensor this study shows that the bivalent binding of Mabs predominates over the monovalent binding with immobilized HRP, whereas anti-hIgG parental Mabs were bound monovalently to the immobilized hIgG. The observed equilibrium association constant (K(ass)) values obtained in our last work [1] by solid-phase radioimmunoassay are consistent with those constants obtained by IAsys. The K(ass) of anti-HRP Mabs was about 50 times higher than that of anti-HRP shoulder of Babs. The dissociation rate constant (k(diss)) for anti-HRP shoulder of Babs was 21 times higher than k(diss) for anti-HRP Mabs. The comparison of the kinetic parameters for bivalent anti-HRP Mabs and Babs derived from anti-Mb/HRP and anti-hIgG/HRP, allowed to calculate that 95% of bound anti-HRP Mabs are bivalently linked with immobilized HRP, whereas only 5% of bound anti-HRP Mabs are monovalently linked. In general, the data obtained indicate that Babs bearing an enzyme-binding site may not be efficiently used instead of traditional antibody-enzyme conjugates in the case of binding of bivalent Mabs.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry , Biosensing Techniques/instrumentation , Biosensing Techniques/methods , Antigen-Antibody Reactions , Antigens/chemistry , Binding Sites , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Hybridomas/immunology , Immunoglobulin G/chemistry , Immunoglobulin G/metabolism , Kinetics , Time Factors
11.
Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk ; (7): 37-42, 2001.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11523428

ABSTRACT

Polyclonal (PAb) and monoclonal (MAb) antibodies to CT2-epitope of the C-terminal fragment of serotonin transporter (SERT) protein were used to study the levels and molecular heterogeneity of platelet SERT in healthy donors and patients with affective (AD) and somatoform (SD) disorders, schizoaffective disorder (SAD) and schizophrenia. SERT was found to exist as high molecular wight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) forms separated after electrophoresis. The levels of HMW and LMW forms of SERT were significantly, decreased in mentally ill patients as compared to healthy individuals. Unlike PAb, horse radish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated MAbs were more sensitive and specific to SERT and could detect the LMW form of SERT as a duplet protein form with MW about 40 and 43 kDa. The MAb to CT2 C-terminal fragment of SERT conjugated with HRP is considered to be a new valuable tool for further investigation of SERT expression, properties, and posttranslation modification in the controls and in patients with different psychopathology.


Subject(s)
Blood Platelets/metabolism , Carrier Proteins/blood , Membrane Glycoproteins/blood , Membrane Transport Proteins , Mental Disorders/metabolism , Nerve Tissue Proteins , Serotonin/metabolism , Adult , Animals , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Electrophoresis , Epitopes , Female , Genetic Heterogeneity , Humans , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Male , Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics , Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism , Mental Disorders/blood , Mental Disorders/genetics , Mice , Middle Aged , Molecular Weight , Mood Disorders/blood , Mood Disorders/genetics , Mood Disorders/metabolism , Protein Transport , Schizophrenia/blood , Schizophrenia/genetics , Schizophrenia/metabolism , Sensitivity and Specificity , Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins , Somatoform Disorders/blood , Somatoform Disorders/genetics , Somatoform Disorders/metabolism
12.
Clin Chim Acta ; 309(1): 57-71, 2001 Jul 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11408007

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Bindings of mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and affinity purified bispecific antibodies (bAbs), derived thereof, to antigens adsorbed on immunoplates have been compared, using ELISA and RIA methods. METHODS: The analysed panel of antibodies included mAbs specific to human myoglobin (Mb), human IgG (hIgG) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and biologically produced bAbs with double specificity to Mb and HRP, and to hIgG and HRP. RESULTS: The degree of difference between different mAbs and corresponding bAbs varied markedly from antibody to antibody, depending on whether the parental mAbs could bind immobilized antigens bivalently. The observed equilibrium binding constant (K(obs)) for anti-HRP mAbs was 21-38 times higher that of anti-HRP site of bAbs (anti-hIgG/HRP or anti-Mb/HRP, respectively), due to bivalent binding of mAbs. Anti-Mb mAbs also bound bivalently with immobilized Mb. On the contrary, anti-hIgG mAbs bound monovalently with immobilized hIgG in the same conditions. The avidity of anti-Mb/HRP bAbs increased, if both antigens were simultaneously adsorbed on a solid phase. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained data indicate that the use of bAbs in heterogeneous immunoassays instead of traditional mAb-enzyme conjugates hardly can provide the significant gain in assay performance if parental mAbs bind bivalently.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Bispecific/metabolism , Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism , Antigen-Antibody Reactions/immunology , Horseradish Peroxidase/metabolism , Immunoglobulin G/metabolism , Myoglobin/metabolism , Adsorption , Animals , Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology , Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology , Antibody Affinity/immunology , Antigens/immunology , Antigens/metabolism , Binding Sites, Antibody/immunology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Horseradish Peroxidase/immunology , Humans , Hybridomas , Immobilized Proteins , Immunoglobulin G/immunology , Mice , Myoglobin/immunology , Radioimmunoassay
13.
Pediatriia ; (4): 21-5, 1990.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2371121

ABSTRACT

A study was made of the establishment of biocenosis in the early neonatal period in healthy full-term neonates born to healthy mothers and in children belonging to a group at risk with an aggravated anamnesis but with no history of pyoinflammatory diseases. The study was related to bacterial colonization of the mother, amniotic fluid and placenta as well as to the immune status of the lying in woman and fetus. In 37% of children belonging to the group at risk, the minimal signs of intrauterine infection were discovered.


Subject(s)
Bacteria/isolation & purification , Immunoglobulins/analysis , Infant, Newborn/immunology , Infant, Newborn/microbiology , Phagocytosis , Adolescent , Adult , Amniotic Fluid/microbiology , Antigen-Antibody Complex/analysis , Female , Fetal Blood/immunology , Humans , Placenta/microbiology , Pregnancy
14.
Pediatriia ; (4): 52-8, 1990.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2371128

ABSTRACT

Based on the results of clinico-bacteriological and immunological studies carried out in the early neonatal period in 65 neonates afflicted with pyoinflammatory diseases and in their mothers, diagnostic criteria for intrauterine and early neonatal infection were elaborated. The significance played in this process of the character and level of microbial colonization of the amniotic fluid, placenta, labor tract of the mother, intrauterine antigenic stimulation of the fetus, changes in the peripheral blood and inflammatory alterations in the placenta was defined. Clinical, bacteriological and immunological prognostic criteria for the risk of the development of pyoinflammatory diseases in neonates were elaborated.


Subject(s)
Bacterial Infections/immunology , Adult , Age Factors , Bacteria/isolation & purification , Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Bacterial Infections/transmission , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
16.
Tsitologiia ; 28(5): 587-8, 1986 May.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3526673

ABSTRACT

Upon cultivation of the brain tissue and skin-muscle tissues of human embryos, a polyimide film was used as a lining. The optimal conditions of the preliminary processing of the lining (sterilization, washing) are described. An easy separation of the polyimide film from the media (in the process of tissue treatment for electron microscope studies) facilitates the use of the material for light and electron microscopy without damaging the culture.


Subject(s)
Cells, Cultured/cytology , Cytological Techniques , Fetus , Humans , Imides , Microscopy , Microscopy, Electron , Polymers , Time Factors
17.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3765982

ABSTRACT

Biological fluids (blood serum, cerebrospinal fluid) and brain extract obtained from patients with Alzheimer's disease (6 cases), simple senile dementia (5 cases), and other atrophic processes (1 case) were administered into the nutrient media of human fetal brain tissue culture. It was found that brain tissue extract obtained from patients with Alzheimer's disease stimulated accumulation of filamentous material in neurons while the CSF induced the formation of orderly filamentous rings. The effect of blood serum was characterized by nonspecific manifestations in the form of accumulation of structurally heterogeneous lamellar corpuscles.


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Brain , Tissue Extracts/pharmacology , Aged , Alzheimer Disease/blood , Alzheimer Disease/cerebrospinal fluid , Brain/ultrastructure , Culture Techniques , Dementia/metabolism , Embryo, Mammalian , Humans , Intermediate Filaments/ultrastructure , Microscopy, Electron
18.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7197447

ABSTRACT

Using the method of electron microscopy microtubules and microfilaments were examined in the brain cells of human embryos taken from healthy and schizophrenic women as a result of medical abortions. The brain cells of the embryos obtained from the schizophrenic women showed greater numbers (as compared with normal) of the organelles of both types: the organelles formed accumulations, and lost their correct orientation; the microfilaments contained compact inclusions, and the microtubules were convoluted.


Subject(s)
Brain/embryology , Pregnancy Complications , Schizophrenia/genetics , Brain/ultrastructure , Cytoskeleton/ultrastructure , Female , Humans , Microtubules/ultrastructure , Pregnancy
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