Mechanisms Behind the Pharmacological Application of Biochanin-A: A review.

This review was aimed at summarizing the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind the various pharmacological actions of biochanin-A. Many studies have been reported claiming its application in cancers, metabolic disorders, airway hyperresponsiveness, cardiac disorders, neurological disorders, etc. With regard to hormone-dependent cancers like breast, prostate, and other malignancies like pancreatic, colon, lung, osteosarcoma, glioma that has limited treatment options, biochanin-A revealed agreeable results in arresting cancer development. Biochanin-A has also shown therapeutic benefits when administered for neurological disorders, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, and other chronic diseases/disorders. Isoflavones are considered phenomenal due to their high efficiency in modifying the physiological functions of the human body. Biochanin-A is one among the prominent isoflavones found in soy (glycine max), red clover (Trifolium pratense), and alfalfa sprouts, etc., with proven potency in modulating vital cellular mechanisms in various diseases. It has been popular for ages among menopausal women in controlling symptoms. In view of the multi-targeted functions of biochanin-A, it is essential to summarize it's mechanism of action in various disorders. The safety and efficacy of biochanin-A needs to be established in clinical trials involving human subjects. Biochanin-A might be able to modify various systems of the human body like the cardiovascular system, CNS, respiratory system, etc. It has shown a remarkable effect on hormonal cancers and other cancers. Many types of research on biochanin-A, particularly in breast, lung, colon, prostate, and pancreatic cancers, have shown a positive impact. Through modulating oxidative stress, SIRT-1 expression, PPAR gamma receptors, and other multiple mechanisms biochanin-A produces anti-diabetic action. The diverse molecular mechanistic pathways involved in the pharmacological ability of biochanin-A indicate that it is a very promising molecule and can play a major impact in modifying several physiological functions.

Protective effect of ß-glucan on Poly(I:C)-induced acute lung injury/inflammation: Therapeutic implications of viral infections in the respiratory system.

AIMS: Acute lung inflammation, particularly acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), is caused by a variety of pathogens including bacteria and viruses. ß-Glucans have been reported to possess both anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. The current study evaluated the therapeutic effect of ß-glucans on polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)) induced lung inflammation in both hamster and mice models. MAIN METHODS: Poly(I:C)-induced ALI/inflammation models were developed in hamsters (2.5 mg/kg) and mice (2 mg/kg) by delivering the Poly(I:C) intratracheally, and followed with and without ß-glucan administration. After treatment, lung mechanics were assessed and lung tissues were isolated and analyzed for mRNA/protein expression, and histopathological examinations. KEY FINDINGS: Poly(I:C) administration, caused a significant elevation of inflammatory marker's expression in lung tissues and showed abnormal lung mechanics in mice and hamsters. Interestingly, treatment with ß-glucan significantly (p < 0.001) reversed the Poly(I:C)-induced inflammatory events and inflammatory markers expression in both mRNA (IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α, CCL2 and CCL7) and protein levels (TNF-α, CD68, myeloperoxidase, neutrophil elastase, MUC-5Ac and iNOS). Lung functional assays revealed that ß-glucan treatment significantly improved lung mechanics. Histopathological analysis showed that ß-glucan treatment significantly attenuated the Poly(I:C) induced inflammatory cell infiltration, injury and goblet cell population in lung tissues. Consistent with these findings, ß-glucan treatment markedly reduced the number of neutrophils and macrophages in lung tissues. Our findings further demonstrated that ß-glucan could reduce inflammation by suppressing the MAPK pathway. SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggested that ß-glucan may attenuate the pathogenic effects of Poly(I:C)-induced ALI/ARDS via modulating the MAPK pathway, indicating ß-glucan as a possible therapeutic agent for the treatment of viral-pulmonary inflammation/injury.

Ductal Carcinoma in Situ: A Detailed Review of Current Practices.

Ductal carcinoma in situ is a challenge for breast surgeons, beginning with its difficult radiological detection and continuing with its contentious multimodal treatment and management. It is becoming more common as a result of widespread screening mammography and usually manifests as a cluster of calcifications. Patients are usually asymptomatic or present with a small, palpable lump. It is, however, a premalignant lesion that has the potential to progress to invasive carcinoma and is treated similarly with multimodal therapy. Treatment options currently include total or simple mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy or lumpectomy with radiation. Tamoxifen and human epidermal growth factor receptor two suppression therapy are examples of adjuvant therapy. A review of consensus guidelines and literature was performed, in which we included the available online literature on the concerned topic from 2000-2022. This article is not a complete review of all the available literature; rather, it is a comprehensive review of the topic and its current management guidelines.

Mitochondria-lysosome crosstalk in GBA1-associated Parkinson's disease.

Organelle crosstalk is significant in regulating their respective functions and subsequent cell fate. Mitochondria and lysosomes are amongst the essential organelles in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Mitochondria-lysosome connections, which may develop dynamically in the human neurons, have been identified as sites of bidirectional communication. Aberrancies are often associated with neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease (PD), suggesting the physical and functional link between these two organelles. PD is often linked with genetic mutations of several mutations discovered in the familial forms of the disease; some are considered risk factors. Many of these genes are either associated with mitochondrial function or belong to endo-lysosomal pathways. The recent investigations have indicated that neurons with mutant glucosylceramidase beta (GBA1) exhibit extended mitochondria-lysosome connections in individuals with PD. This may be due to impaired control of the untethering protein, which aids in the hydrolysis of Rab7 GTP required for contact untethering. A GCase modulator may be used to augment the reduced GBA1 lysosomal enzyme activity in the neurons of PD patients. This review focuses on how GBA1 mutation in PD is interlinked with mitochondria-lysosome (ML) crosstalk, exploring the pathways governing these interactions and mechanistically comprehending the mitochondrial and lysosomal miscommunication in the pathophysiology of PD. This review is based on the limited literature available on the topic and hence may be subject to bias in its views. Our estimates may be conservative and limited due to the lack of studies under the said discipline due to its inherent complex nature. The current association of GBA1 to PD pathogenesis is based on the limited scope of study and further research is necessary to explore the risk factors further and identify the relationship with more detail.

Role of Statins in New-onset Diabetes Mellitus: The Underlying Cause, Mechanisms Involved, and Strategies to Combat.

Statins have transformed the treatment of cardiovascular diseases through primary and secondary prevention of events. Despite the success of statin's management of cardiovascular conditions, certain clinical trials, reviews, and meta-analysis point out that statins have the propensity to induce diabetes. The risk further increases with intensive statin therapy or in patients with diabetes. A proper mechanism for the induction of the diabetic condition has not yet been determined. The involvement of statin with beta cells in insulin secretion and peripheral cells in insulin resistance has been widely studied and established. The present review provides an update on the recent understanding of statin-induced diabetes. This covers the origin of statins, their development, possible mechanisms that explain the adverse effects in glucose homeostasis, and probable targets to remedy the condition.

Recognize fish as food in policy discourse and development funding.

The international development community is off-track from meeting targets for alleviating global malnutrition. Meanwhile, there is growing consensus across scientific disciplines that fish plays a crucial role in food and nutrition security. However, this 'fish as food' perspective has yet to translate into policy and development funding priorities. We argue that the traditional framing of fish as a natural resource emphasizes economic development and biodiversity conservation objectives, whereas situating fish within a food systems perspective can lead to innovative policies and investments that promote nutrition-sensitive and socially equitable capture fisheries and aquaculture. This paper highlights four pillars of research needs and policy directions toward this end. Ultimately, recognizing and working to enhance the role of fish in alleviating hunger and malnutrition can provide an additional long-term development incentive, beyond revenue generation and biodiversity conservation, for governments, international development organizations, and society more broadly to invest in the sustainability of capture fisheries and aquaculture.

Botrops derived hemocoagulase formulation a probable agent for diabetic wound healing.

Botroclot is a marketed preparation containing hemocoagulase, which is an enzyme having coagulant activity, isolated from the snake Botrops atrox. This formulation is used in dental surgeries and other minor surgical wounds. However, the formulation remains untested in diabetic wounds. Hence, we proposed a study for the topical application of Botroclot in high-fat diet (HFD) + Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. HFD was fed initially to rats which facilitates the development of insulin resistance. Thereafter, an injection of STZ (40 mg/kg, i.p.) was given. This resulted in the development of diabetes with elevated fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance. After stabilization of blood glucose values, wounds were created by punch biopsy on the dorsal side of the palm of the rat to mimic the diabetic wounds frequently seen in the case of humans. Later, the application of Botroclot on these wounds was carried out for 15 days. Topical application of hemocoagulase improved the wound closure and there was a gradual decrease in inflammatory markers and a substantial increase in collagen deposition occurred. Histopathological findings indicated the same, with an increase in granulation tissue suggesting that the topical application moderately improves the wound healing in diabetic rats. We conclude that Botroclot can have a mild to moderate effect in improving collagen deposition and thus wound contraction, improving wound closure in diabetic wounds in rats. This study also establishes the basis for exploration of agents from venom-based sources in diabetic wound healing.

Rutin Protects against Doxorubicin-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction While Retaining the Anticancer Potential of Dox in a Murine Model of N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea - Induced Mammary Carcinoma.

Chemobrain is a significant post-chemotherapy complication for which no approved treatments are available. We had previously identified that rutin inhibits doxorubicin (Dox-) -induced cognitive decline in healthy rats. However, it was important to also establish that it does so in rats with mammary carcinoma without compromising Dox's antitumor potential. Mammary carcinoma was induced in female rats by intraperitonial administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (i.p.). Rats that developed mammary carcinoma were treated with Dox after pretreatment with vehicle or rutin. After Dox exposure (50 days), episodic and spatial memory was assessed using the novel object recognition task and the Morris water maze, respectively. Tumor progression was evaluated by measurement of tumor weight and volume and histological analysis. Blood samples were collected to estimate hematological parameters. Oxidative status and TNF-α levels were estimated in brain homogenates. Dox treatment significantly reduced tumor size and volume. Pretreatment with rutin did not significantly alter Dox's tumor suppression potential, suggesting that it does not influence Dox's anticancer activity. In addition, rutin ameliorated Dox-induced cognitive decline, myelosuppression, and brain oxidative stress. The present study indicates that rutin protects against Dox-induced cognitive decline and myelosuppression without affecting its antitumor potential.

An exploration of microbial and associated functional diversity in the OMZ and non-OMZ areas in the Bay of Bengal.

Depletion of oxygen in certain marine areas creates oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), which can alter the species composition and abundance. We have carried out high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon profiling from the Bay of Bengal (BOB) OMZ and non-OMZ areas. Typically, a total of 35 families of micro-organisms were identified as biomarkers for OMZ and non-OMZ regions in the BOB. Our analysis has identified families Pseudoalteromonadaceae, OM60 and Synechococcaceae to be abundant in oxygenated water, whereas organisms belonging to families Pelagibacteraceae and Caulobacteraceae, which are involved in sulphur and nitrogen metabolism, were prominent in the OMZ areas. Predictive functional analysis for these identified bacteria clearly that suggested an abundance of microbes with assimilatory sulphurreducing genes (cysl and csH) in the non-OMZ, while bacteria involved in dissimilatory sulphate reduction (known to carry aprA and aprB genes) were enriched in the OMZ areas. Comparative analysis with OMZ areas from Peru and Chile revealed that OMZ areas in the BOB are characterized by specific and distinctive bacterial diversity. Overall, the current analysis provides valuable documentation about the bacterial populations and their characteristics, which can generate pointers for their functional significance in the BOB.

Combined Administration of Monosodium Glutamate and High Sucrose Diet Accelerates the Induction of Type 2 Diabetes, Vascular Dysfunction, and Memory Impairment in Rats.

In this study, we aimed to develop an experimental animal model for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using a combination of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and high sucrose diet (HSD). Young male Wistar rats (20-30 g) were injected with MSG (2 or 4 mg/g, i.p. for 4 days). These rats were also fed an HSD, while the control group was fed a starch diet (SFD) for 150 days. Parameters assessed periodically were body weight, feed intake, blood glucose level, and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), lipid profile, liver and kidney function tests, skeletal muscle glucose uptake, cognitive function tests, and microvascular changes using isolated rat aorta. Histological changes in pancreas, liver, and kidney tissue were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining, whereas brain tissue was assessed using cresyl violet stain. Feeding MSG in combination with HSD in rats significantly increased body weight, and produced hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia. Animals developed frank diabetic complications, which included insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, hypertension, vascular dysfunction, nephropathy, and dementia. Histological studies revealed neuronal loss with necrotic bodies in the brain, reduction in glomerular count in kidney, and severe hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the islets of Langerhans. These results indicate the successful induction of type-2 diabetes along with several diabetic complications by combining MSG with HSD.

Insulin Protects against Brain Oxidative Stress with an Apparent Effect on Episodic Memory in Doxorubicin-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in Wistar Rats.

The present study was aimed at assessing the protective effect of insulin against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cognitive dysfunction in Wistar rats. Cognitive function for episodic memory was assessed by a novel object recognition task (NORT) in male Wistar rats. Oxidative stress markers-SOD, catalase, glutathione, and lipid peroxidation-in the hippocampus and frontal cortex were assessed using colorimetric methods. Doxorubicin treatment (2.5 mg/kg, i.p., every 5 days for 50 days) reduced recognition and discriminative indices in NORT with increased oxidative stress in the brain. A nonhypoglycemic dose of insulin (0.5 IU/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced brain oxidative stress (MDA) induced by doxorubicin with an increase in the antioxidant defense systems (SOD, catalase, and GSH). Rats treated with combined insulin and DOX spent comparatively more time with the novel object when compared to the non-novel objects; however, the observed difference was not statistically significant. An apparent improvement (p < 0.26) in recognition of the novel object was observed against the damage induced by doxorubicin. These results suggest that insulin reduces brain oxidative stress and apparently improves doxorubicin-induced cognitive dysfunction in Wistar rats.

Sodium valproate enhances doxorubicin-induced cognitive dysfunction in Wistar rats.

BACKGROUND: Increasing number of scientific reports have highlighted the role of histone acetylation/deacetylation in neurodegenerative conditions, including chemotherapy-induced cognitive dysfunction (also known as chemobrain). Multiple sources state that increased activity of histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a detrimental role in chemobrain. In the present study, sodium valproate, a well-known HDAC inhibitor, was explored for its neuroprotective potential against chemobrain development. METHODS: Doxorubicin (DOX), a chemotherapeutic agent, was used to induce chemobrain in experimental animals while treating with sodium valproate simultaneously. The animals were subjected to novel object recognition test (NORT) in order to assess their cognitive status and further, brain antioxidant levels were estimated. The animal body weights and survival were noted throughout the period of the study. Blood parameters such as red blood cell count, white blood cell count and haemoglobin levels were also measured. RESULTS: Our findings are in contradiction to the known neuroprotective properties of valproic acid. We observed that sodium valproate failed to prevent chemobrain development in DOX treated animals. In fact, treatment with sodium valproate dose dependently worsened cognitive status in DOX treated animals including their brain antioxidant status, possibly leading to neuronal damage through free radical induced toxicity. CONCLUSION: The present study highlights the caution that needs to be exercised in projecting HDAC inhibitors as in vivo neuroprotective agents, due to the complexity of existing neurological pathways and the diverse roles of histone deacetylases.

Rutin protects against neuronal damage in vitro and ameliorates doxorubicin-induced memory deficits in vivo in Wistar rats.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is the most widely used broad-spectrum anticancer agent, either alone or in combination, for most cancers including breast cancer. Long-term use of chemotherapeutic agents to treat breast cancer patients results in cognitive complications with a negative impact on survivors' quality of life. The study objective was to evaluate rutin (RUT) for its neuroprotective effect against DOX in human neuroblastoma (IMR32) cells in vitro and study its potential to ameliorate DOX-induced cognitive dysfunction in Wistar rats. Cell viability assay (3-[4,5 dimethyl thiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), neurite growth assay, detection of apoptosis by (acridine orange/ethidium bromide) staining, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, and flowcytometric analysis were carried out to assess neuroprotective potential against DOX. An in vivo study was conducted for assessing protective effect of RUT against memory deficit associated with DOX-induced chemobrain using object recognition task (ORT). Locomotion was assessed using open field test. Serum biochemistry, acetylcholinesterase, oxidative stress markers in hippocampus, and frontal cortex were assessed. Histopathological analysis of major organ systems was also carried out. Prior exposure to RUT at 100 µM protected IMR32 cells from DOX (1 µM) neurotoxicity. DOX exposure resulted in increased cellular death, apoptosis, and intracellular ROS generation with inhibition of neurite growth in differentiated IMR32 cells, which was significantly ameliorated by RUT. Cognitive dysfunction was induced in Wistar rats by administering ten cycles of DOX (2.5 mg/kg, intra-peritoneal, once in 5 days), as we observed significant impairment of episodic memory in ORT. Coadministration with RUT (50 mg/kg, per os) significantly prevented memory deficits in vivo without any confounding influence on locomotor activity. RUT also offered protection against DOX-induced myelosuppression, cardiotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. In conclusion, RUT may be a possible adjuvant therapeutic intervention to alleviate cognitive and other complications associated with DOX chemotherapy.

Bulbophyllum sterile petroleum ether fraction induces apoptosis in vitro and ameliorates tumor progression in vivo.

Orchids of the genus Bulbophyllum have been reported to possess antitumor activity. Present study investigated the possible antitumor activity of the active fraction of bulb and root of Bulbophyllum sterile. Alcoholic extract along with petroleum ether, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions were subjected to SRB assay in HCT-116, MDA-MB-231 and A549 cell lines. The active fractions were further evaluated for apoptosis, expression of apoptotic signaling proteins, comet assay and cell cycle analysis. Furthermore, they were assessed for in vivo antitumor activity in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model. Petroleum fraction of bulbs (PFB) and roots (PFR) was found to be most active in HCT-116 cell lines with IC50 value of 94.2±6.0 and 75.7±9.8, respectively. Apoptosis was evident from acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining along with the expression of phospho-p53 and phospho-Bad. Both PFB and PFR arrested G2/M phase of the cell cycle with 32.6% and 49.4% arrest, respectively compared to 17.5% arrest with control. An increase in mean life span and hepatic antioxidant levels was observed with PFB and PFR treatment in EAC inoculated mice. The results suggested that the active fractions of bulbs and roots possess anticancer activity likely by inducing apoptosis through phospho-p53 dependent pathway.

In vivo Evaluation of Two Thiazolidin-4-one Derivatives in High Sucrose Diet Fed Pre-diabetic Mice and Their Modulatory Effect on AMPK, Akt and p38 MAP Kinase in L6 Cells.

We had previously demonstrated the anti-diabetic potential and pancreatic protection of two thiazolidin-4-one derivatives containing nicotinamide moiety (NAT-1 and NAT-2) in STZ-induced diabetic mice. However, due to the limitations of the STZ model, we decided to undertake a detailed evaluation of anti-diabetic potential of the molecules on a high sucrose diet (HSD) fed diabetic mouse model. Further, in vitro mechanistic studies on the phosphorylation of AMPK, Akt and p38 MAP kinase in L6 myotubes and anti-inflammatory studies in RAW264.7 mouse monocyte macrophage cells were performed. 15 months of HSD induced fasting hyperglycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance in mice. Treatment with NAT-1 and NAT-2 (100 mg/kg) for 45 days significantly improved the glucose tolerance and lowered fasting blood glucose levels compared to untreated control. An improvement in the elevated triglycerides and total cholesterol levels, and favorable rise in HDL cholesterol were also observed with test drug treatment. Also, no major changes were observed in the liver (albumin, AST and ALT) and kidney (creatinine and urea) parameters. This was further confirmed in their respective histology profiles which revealed no gross morphological changes. In L6 cells, significant phosphorylation of Akt and p38 MAP kinase proteins were observed with 100 µM of NAT-1 and NAT-2 with no significant changes in phosphorylation of AMPK. The molecules failed to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity as observed by their effect on the generation of ROS and nitrite, and nuclear levels of NF-κB in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In summary, the molecules activated Akt and p38 MAP kinase which could have partly contributed to their anti-hyperglycaemic and hypolipidemic activities in vivo.

Sambar, an Indian Dish Prevents the Development of Dimethyl Hydrazine-Induced Colon Cancer: A Preclinical Study.

BACKGROUND: Colon cancer (CC) is the third commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of mortality in the US when compared to India where prevalence is less. Possible reason could be the vegetarian diet comprising spices used in curry powders. Researchers believe that 70% of the cases are associated with diet. Spices have inherited a rich tradition for their flavor and medicinal properties. Researchers have been oriented towards spices present in food items for their antitumorigenic properties. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of sambar as a preventive measure for 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine (DMH)-induced CC in Wistar albino rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The animals were divided into three groups (n = 6) namely control, DMH, and sambar. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were killed using anesthesia and the colons and livers were examined. RESULTS: All the treatment groups exhibited a significant change in the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF). Sambar group showed a significant change in the colonic GSH when compared to both normal and DMH groups. A significant reduction in the liver GSH was noted in the sambar group. Only sambar group showed a significant change in the liver catalase levels when compared to DMH. There was a significant reduction in the colonic nitrite in the sambar-treated group; 2.94 ± 0.29 when compared to DMH control at 8.09 ± 1.32. On the contrary, a significant rise in the liver nitrite levels was observed in the sambar-treated rats. CONCLUSION: Sambar may prevent the risk of CC when consumed in dietary proportions. SUMMARY: Consumption of sambar significantly reduced aberrant crypt foci in DMH-induced colon cancer modelSambar treatment prevented DMH-induced oxidative changes in the colonic tissue, indicating its antioxidant roleSambar comprises a variety of spices that exhibited both pro- and antioxidant properties in different tissues, leading to its overall beneficial effect in this model. Abbreviations used: ACF: aberrant crypt foci, CC: colon cancer, DMH: 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine, GSH: glutathione, IL-6: Interleukin-6, TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

Preclinical efficacy of a gastro-sparing novel thiazolidin-4-one in alleviating secondary lesions of polyarthritis: A multi-parametric approach.

The promising role of thiazolidin-4-ones (TZOs) against inflammatory conditions has been reported. From our lab, one of the TZO derivatives, compound 4C, exerted anti-inflammatory potential via inhibition of locally released cytokines and prostaglandin. In continuance, a detailed study was undertaken for the preclinical profiling of this promising TZO derivative against polyarthritis in rats, along with assessment of risk associated with the treatment. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model. Based on the development of secondary lesion, the animals were randomized into different treatment groups. To establish the efficacy of the test compound, parameters such as inflammation, pain, disease progression, cytokines and prostaglandin (PG)-E2 levels and complete blood cell profile were recorded along with radiological and histological examinations of joints. The study also focused on evaluating the side effect of test compound on gastric, liver, renal, blood and cardiovascular components. Compound 4C exerted promising therapeutic effect against secondary lesions in polyarthritis in rats. It limited the progression of chronic inflammation and associated pain in rats. Modulation of cytokine signalling and arachidonate metabolism by 4C was evident from inhibition of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and PGE2 generation in AIA rats. Comparatively, compound 4C was safer than diclofenac to cause gastric, liver, renal, blood and cardiovascular toxicities. These finding supports the efficacy and safety profile of 4C, a TZO derivative in limiting the progression of arthritis when administered orally.

An appraisal of cinnamyl sulfonamide hydroxamate derivatives (HDAC inhibitors) for anti-cancer, anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic activities in human cancer cells.

Multiple genetic mutations along with unusual epigenetic modifications play a major role in cancer development. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme overexpression observed in the majority of cancers is responsible for tumor suppressor gene silencing and activation of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes. Cinnamic acid derivatives exhibit anti-cancer potential through HDAC enzyme inhibition. We have synthesized a few cinnamyl sulfonamide hydroxamate derivatives (NMJ-1, -2 and -3) by already published in-house procedures and their purity, and chemical characterization were performed by NMR, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The anti-cancer activities were also evaluated against colon cancer. The rationale for synthesis was based on bioisosterism concept. To take the work forward, these compounds were considered for in vitro anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic activities in cancer cells. The effectiveness of these compounds was determined by SRB assay. The compounds showed cancer cell cytotoxicity (IC50 range of 5.7 ± 0.43 to 20.5 ± 1.9 µM). The mechanism of compound-induced cell death involves an intrinsic apoptosis pathway which was supported by the following: increase in apoptotic index, arrest in cell cycle at G2/M phase, increase in annexin V binding and induction of p21(Waf1/Cip1) expression in the treated cells. Further, their target modulating effect, measured as the expression of acetyl-H3 histone and acetyl α-tubulin was determined by Western blots. Hyper acetylation of H3 histone and α-tubulin were observed. Furthermore, increased expression of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP, total Bad was estimated by ELISA. The anti-angiogenic effect was examined through cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl2)-induced HIF-1α expression, where the compounds reduced the expression of induced HIF-1α. In addition, their anti-metastatic ability was determined through phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced expression of MMP-2 and -9 by Western blotting and gelatin zymography. Inhibition of malignant cell migration was assessed by scratch wound assay. The compounds showed a decrease in cell migration and inhibition of induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. NMJ-2 exhibited comparable activity to that of standard SAHA. Our findings indicate that NMJ series of compound have potent in vitro anti-cancer, anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic activity through HDAC enzyme inhibition.