Prevalence and selected risk factors of suicidal ideation, suicidal tendencies and suicide attempts in young people aged 13-19 years.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of suicidal thoughts, tendencies and suicide attempts in young people. An attempt was also made to identify factors which, according to those young people, contributed to their suicide attempts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved 5,685 individuals aged 13-19 years. The participants were surveyed using an inquiry form designed by the study authors. RESULTS: Suicidal behaviour in adolescents correlates with the female gender, intake of psychoactive substances, running away from home, being raised in a single-parent family, addiction of family members to alcohol, and experiences of violence. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Suicidal ideation was reported by 24.66%, suicidal plans - by 15.55%, and suicide attempts - by 4.37% of the adolescents studied. 2) Girls were significantly more likely to attempt suicide out of a sense of helplessness, loneliness, rejection and guilt, as well as conflicts with parents and peers. Boys were significantly more likely than girls to attempt suicide as a result of pressure from peers or cyber acquaintances. 3) Suicide attempts were significantly more common among girls than boys between the ages of 13-19, and significantly more common among young people living in urban areas than those living in the countryside. 4) Significantly more young people who reported suicidal thoughts and plans and suicide attempts than those not reporting such experiences were raised in single-parent families. 5) Compared with non-suicidal controls, young people who admitted to having suicidal thoughts and plans and to having attempted suicide, were significantly more likely to report alcohol abuse by parents and experiences of psychological and physical violence from family members.

Psychopathological symptoms in individuals at risk of Internet addiction in the context of selected demographic factors.

INTRODUCTION: Researchers who study the problems of Internet addiction point out that this dependence is often co-morbid with symptoms of a variety of pathological disorders, including anxiety, depressive, somatization, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The goal of this study was to compare the severity of psychopathological symptoms in individuals at risk of Internet addiction (according to Young's criteria) and those not at risk of developing this addiction with respect to gender and place of residence (urban vs. rural). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included a group of 692 respondents (485 females and 207 males). The average age of the participants was 20.8 years. 56.06% of them lived in urban areas and 43.94% in rural areas. The following instruments were used: a sociodemographic questionnaire designed by the authors, Young's 20-item Internet Addiction Test (IAT, Polish translation by Majchrzak and Oginska-Bulik), and the "O" Symptom Checklist (Kwestionariusz Objawowy "O", in Polish) by Aleksandrowicz. RESULTS: Individuals at risk of Internet addiction showed significantly more severe pathological symptoms than the individuals who were not at risk of this addiction. There were differences in the severity of psychopathological symptoms between people at risk of Internet dependence living in urban and rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals at risk of Internet addiction were found to be characterized by a significantly higher severity of obsessive-compulsive, conversion, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Persons at risk of Internet addiction who lived in rural areas had significantly more severe psychopathological symptoms, mainly obsessive-compulsive, hypochondriac and phobic, compared to their urban peers.

Prevalence of self-injury performed by adolescents aged 16-19 years.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of self-injury among adolescents aged 16-19 years and to indicate demographic variable, selected environmental variables and risky behaviours coexisting with performing self-injuries by the respondents. METHODS: The research encompassed 5,685 individuals, aged 16-19 years. During the research the Questionnaire designed by the authors was used. RESULTS: Significant statistical differences were found between the number of adolescents performing self-injury and those who do not perform it, who use psychoactive agents, make suicide attempts, get drunk, run away from home, report conflicts with their parents, experience parental violence and peer violence and report alcohol addictions by family members. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Self-injury is performed by 14% of adolescents aged 16-19 years, significantly more girls than boys. 2. Significantly more adolescents who perform self-injury, as compared to those who do not do it, use psychoactive substances, get drunk, report planning suicide, neglect school and more often consume alcohol. 3. Significantly more adolescents who perform self-injury, as compared to those who do not perform it, raised in a single parent family inform about alcohol addiction of a family member, conflicts with parents and the experienced psychological and physical violence experienced from their parents and peers. Significantly more girls who perform self-injury, as compared to those who do not perform it, experienced sexual abuse. 4. Performing self-injury by adolescents coexists with factors motivating to this type of behaviours: sense of helplessness, rejection, loneliness, sense of guilt, anger, impulsiveness, desire for revenge, school problems, conflicts with parents and peers.

[Personality traits of drivers serving a custodial sentence for drink driving]. / Cechy osobowosci kierowców skazanych na kare pozbawienia wolnosci za prowadzenie pojazdu mechanicznego w stanie nietrzezwosci.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the work was the analysis of personality traits of men serving a custodial sentence for driving under the influence of alcohol. METHODS: The study included 44 males serving a custodial sentence for drink driving, 45 males serving a custodial sentence for assault and robbery as well as 32 men with no criminal record, who had never driven a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol. The following research methods were used during the study: the Socio-demographic Questionnaire designed by the authors, the KRS, the Cattell's IPAT, the NI, the ACL and the Life style Questionnaire. RESULTS: The obtained results indicate significant statistical differences between the men serving the custodial sentence for drink driving as regards stress coping, anxiety level, intensified need to look for new experiences as well as anti-social personality traits. CONCLUSIONS: The men serving a custodial sentence for drink driving show intensified traits of antisocial personality, higher level of anxiety, intensified impulsiveness irritability, distrust, aggression, egocentrism, eccentricity, intensified need for recognition, breaking social standards, experiencing various stimuli, new impressions, greater adaptation difficulties, less self-discipline, lower self-esteem as well as more frequently used destructive, escapist and emotional stress coping strategies as compared to the people with no criminal record, who never drove while under the influence of alcohol. As regards the intensity of personality disorders, stress coping strategies and self-image no significant differences were found between the men serving a custodial sentence for drink driving and those imprisoned for assault and robbery.

Prevalence of Internet addiction and risk of developing addiction as exemplified by a group of Polish adolescents from urban and rural areas.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of Internet addiction and the risk of developing this addiction in Polish adolescents attending junior high schools and high school in Lublin Province, to indicate the differences regarding the intensity of Internet addiction symptoms, and the types of online activity of adolescents residing in urban and rural areas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The examined group comprised 1,860 participants (1,320 girls and 540 boys) with an average age of 17 years. 760 students lived in urban areas and 1,100 lived in rural areas. The following were used in the study: the Socio-demographic Questionnaire designed by the authors, the Internet Addiction Questionnaire designed by Potembska, the Internet Addiction Test by Young and the Internet Addiction Questionnaire (Kwestionariusz do Badania Uzaleznienia od Internetu - KBUI) designed by Pawlowska and Potembska. RESULTS: The adolescents living in urban areas showed a significantly greater intensity of Internet and computer addiction symptoms measured by the KBUI Questionnaire, compared to those living in rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: The Internet addiction criteria were fulfilled by 0.45% of adolescents living in urban areas and 2.9% of those living in rural areas, whereas 35.55% of urban dwelling students and 30.18% of students living in rural areas showed a risk of developing this addiction. More adolescents living in urban areas, compared to those living in rural areas, use Internet pornography, play computer games, disclose their personal data to unknown individuals encountered on the Internet, use Instant Messaging (IM) services, electronic mail and Facebook social networking service. Compared to their peers from urban areas, significantly more adolescents from rural areas use 'Nasza Klasa' (Our Classmates) online social networking service.

Changes to psychosocial functioning as demonstrated by the patients diagnosed with schizophrenia covered by the psychiatric rehabilitation system.

AIM: The objective of the research was to compare the self-image characteristics, stress coping strategies and the intensification of anxiety in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia before and after the rehabilitation programme. METHODS: The examined group was made up of 32 patients exclusively with the medical diagnosis of schizophrenia, according to the ICD-10 criteria. The mean age of the patients was 35 years, the average time of illness was 12 years. The patients were examined twice (at the admission to the psychiatric rehabilitation department and at the discharge from the department) with the following psychological tests: the Adjective Check List, the Stress Coping Questionnaire and the Self-Analysis Form by Cattell. The socio-demographic data of the patients were determined on the basis of the Socio-demographic Questionnaire designed by the authors. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found as regards the characteristics of self-image, stress coping strategies and the intensity of anxiety in patients before and after psychiatric rehabilitation programme. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Following the rehabilitation programme the examined group of patients have a lower level of fear and anxiety, a more positive self-image, higher self-esteem, they better cope with stress and tasks and are more willing to establish interpersonal relationships as compared to the situation prior to the rehabilitation programme. 2. Following the rehabilitation programme the examined patients, while in a stressful situation, less frequently isolate themselves, concentrate on suffering experienced by them and react with the sense of helplessness and hopelessness.

Psychoactive substances use experience and addiction or risk of addiction among by Polish adolescents living in rural and urban areas.

The objective of the study was to determine the similarities and differences between adolescents with psychoactive substances use experience living in urban and rural areas as regards the intensity of Internet addiction symptoms as well as the evaluation of prevalence of psychoactive substances use among adolescents depending on the place of residence. The examined group consisted of 1 860 people (1 320 girls and 540 boys) their average age being 17 years. In the study the following research methods were used: the Sociodemographic Questionnaire designed by the authors, the Internet Addiction Questionnaire by Potembska, the Internet Addiction test by Young, the Internet Addiction Questionnaire (KBUI) designed by Pawlowska and Potembska. Statistically significant differences were found as regards the prevalence of psychoactive substances use by the adolescents living in urban and rural areas and as regards the intensity of Internet addiction symptoms in adolescents, both from the urban and rural areas, who use and do not use illegal drugs. Significantly more adolescents living in urban areas as compared to their peers living in rural areas use psychoactive substances, mainly marihuana. The adolescents who use psychoactive substances, as compared to the adolescents with no experience using illegal drugs, living both in urban and rural areas significantly more often play online violent games and use web pornography. The adolescents living in rural areas who use psychoactive substances significantly more often as compared to the adolescents who do not use these substances claim that it is only thanks to the interactions established on the Internet that they can get acceptance, understanding and appreciation.

[SIB-IMRT radiotherapy given concomitantly with cisplatin for locally advanced squamous cell head and neck cancer (SCHNC). Evaluation of the early results and toxicity]. / Zastosowanie techniki SIB-IMRT w leczeniu skojarzonym z jednoczesna chemioterapia u chorych na nowotwory glowy i szyi w III i IVa stopniu zaawansowania. Ocena wczesnych wyników i tolerancji leczenia.

UNLABELLED: Concomitant radiochemotherapy become the treatment of choice for locally advanced SCHNC. This strategy of treatment has a limitation, which is an acute and late toxicity. The IMRT technique provides the possibility of better sparing of healthy tissue. Radiobiological and clinical data also suggest that accelerated fractionation and higher dose per fraction given in GTV may produce better locoregional control. Therefore it might be expected that concomitant chemotherapy and SIB-IMRT radiotherapy could increase locoregional control and reduce acute and late radiation reactions. The evaluation of early results and toxicity of this treatment modality is presented. AIM OF STUDY: The evaluation of the early results and toxicity of SIB-IMRT radiotherapy given concomitantly with cisplatin for locally advanced squamous cell head and neck cancer (SCHNC). METHODS: SIB-IMRT technique was applied. The boost volume was limited to the GTV + 3mm margin (macroscopic tumor extension was defined on the basis of CT and/or MRI examinations). Dose per fraction given to this volume was 2.25 Gy up to 67.5 Gy of total dose. The PTV-CTV + 3mm - was defined as an area of increased risk of microscopic spread. Dose per fraction given to this volume was 2 Gy up to 60 Gy. The PTV1-ETV+ 3mm (electively irradiated volume) received dose per fraction -1.8 Gy up to 54-56 Gy. Overall treatment time was 6 weeks (5 fractions per week, 30 fractions). Concomitant chemotherapy consisted of cisplatin in daily dose100mg/m2 given two times during irradiation (1 and 22 day of treatment). The evaluation of early tolerance was performed once weekly during the treatment than during the follow up every 2 months. The early reactions were scored according to the EORTC/RTOG scale. MATERIAL: Between June 2006 and December 2009 99 patients diagnosed with III and IV clinical stage of SCHNC were treated with this method. 65 patients were diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer, 18 with laryngeal cancer and 16 with hypopharyngeal cancer. PEG was performed at 65 patients before treatment for better alimentation during radiochemotherapy. RESULTS: No severe life risking complications were observed a no concequentional late effects were observed. Extended mucositis grade III according RTOG/EORTC scale were observed only in boost region in 80% patients just after treatment was completed. In 2 patients ulceration were observed in tumour side which have healed up spontaneously within two months after treatment. 55% patients were suffering for III xerostomia and 41% for middle after the treatment. Majority of side effects were cured within 4 months after irradiation. The PEG was removing in 92% patients 2 months after treatment. The median follow-up time is 28 months (ranged from 14 m to 58 m). Actuarial 2-years overall survival and disease-free survival is respectively 90% and 82%, probability of locoregional recurrence at 2-years is 14% and 5-years estimated is 17,5%. CONCLUSIONS: At the present moment it might be concluded that accelerated radiotherapy with SIB-IMRT given concomitantly with cisplatin produce excellent local control in patients treated of III-IV stage SCHNC without increasing toxicity.

[Comparison of socio-demographic data of female patients with purging and restricting types of anorexia nervosa hospitalised at the Psychiatry Department of the Medical University of Lublin in the years 1993-2003]. / Porównanie danych socjodemograficznych pacjentek z anoreksja typu restrykcyjnego i bulimicznego hospitalizowanych w Katedrze i Klinice Psychiatrii AM w Lublinie w latach 1993-2003.

AIM: The aim of this study was a comparison of socio-demographic data of female patients with a diagnosis of purging and restricting type of anorexia nervosa. METHODS: The method of the study was an analysis of the data obtained from 131 case histories of female patients with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa (40 patients with restrictive type and 91 with a bulimic type of anorexia), treated at the Adolescent Department and the Neurosis Department of the Psychiatry Department of the Medical University of Lublin in the years 1993-2003. The mean age of the investigated patients with a restrictive type of anorexia was 20.8 years, the age of disease onset was 16.5 years, the mean time of disease duration was 3.7 years, mean BMI = 15.4. The mean age of the patients with a bulimic type of anorexia was 21.8 years, the age of disease onset was 17.9 years, the mean time of disease duration was 4.6 years, mean BMI = 15.9. Half of the patients had a secondary level education. 87% were brought up in a full family and the most frequent reason of being brought up by a single parent was the death of another parent. RESULTS: Results of our study revealed relevant differences between female patients with a restrictive type of anorexia and a purging type of anorexia in certain family factors. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Compared to the patients with the restrictive type of anorexia, much more patients with the bulimic type of anorexia assessed their relationships with their mothers negatively. (2) Much more patients with the bulimic type of anorexia compared to the patients with the restrictive type of anorexia, experienced sexual and physical abuse, in most cases caused by their fathers. (3) Alcohol abuse was present in 53% of the fathers of the patients with the bulimic type of anorexia and 30% of the fathers of patients with the restrictive type of anorexia. (4) Mental diseases occurred more often in mothers of women with a restrictive type of anorexia (10%) than the bulimic type (2.2%). (5) Chronic somatic diseases occurred more often in fathers of the patients with a restrictive type of anorexia (12%) than with the bulimic type (2.2%). (6) Compared to the patients with the restrictive type of anorexia, significantly more patients with the bulimic type of anorexia abused alcohol and had a lifetime history of suicide attempt.

[Analysis of demographic data and family relationships in women with bulimia]. / Analiza danych demograficznych i relacji w rodzinach kobiet z bulimia.

AIM: The aim of this study was an analysis of data collected from the case histories of female patients with a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa, who underwent medical treatment at the Psychiatry Department of the Medical University of Lublin in the years 1993-2003. METHODS: 53 female patients with a mean age of 22 years, the age of disease onset--17.5 years, and mean BMI = 22.3. In this group 58.5% of the patients had secondary level education, primary level--24.5%, vocational--3.8% and higher level education--7%. Most patients were city inhabitants (64.2%), and lived together with their parents (85%). RESULTS: Half of the patients were brought up in a complete family, whilst the most frequent cause of being brought up by a single parent was the death of the other parent (26.4%). In this group 54.7% of the patients continued their studies, 13.2% worked and 32% were unemployed. More than half of the patients assessed their relationship both with their fathers (54.7%) and their mothers (58.5%) negatively. 20.8% of the patients were victims of physical violence and 18.8%--of sexual abuse. Alcohol was abused by 56.6% of their fathers, 7.5% of their mothers and 18.6% of the patients themselves. A life history of suicide was present in 13.2% of the patients. More mothers (13.2%) compared to the patients' fathers (1.9%), suffered from chronic somatic diseases and mental disturbances; 3.8% of the patients' siblings developed eating disorders. In conclusions we compared data received from patients with anorexia nervosa with data from patients with bulimia. CONCLUSIONS: Female patients with a purging type of anorexia are similar to female patients with bulimia in many socio-demographic factors, and at the same time they differ from female patients with a restricting type of anorexia.

[Age and attitudes in relation to eating in girls with eating disorders and healthy girls]. / Wiek a postawy wobec odzywiania sie dziewczat z jadlowstretem psychicznym i dziewczat zdrowych.

AIM: The aim of the study was to compare of the D.M. Garner, M.P. Olmsted and J. Polivy Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) results obtained by healthy lower secondary, secondary and college students versus the results obtained with their peers with eating disorders. METHOD: The examined group consisted of 379 girls attending Lublin lower secondary schools (123 persons), secondary schools (50 persons) and college students (206 persons) as well as 90 girls undergoing medical treatment due to eating disorders (30 lower secondary school students and 30 college students). All these persons were administered the D.M. Garner, M.P. Olmsted and J. Polivy Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI). RESULTS: The tests conducted revealed significant statistical differences between the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) results obtained by secondary school students and college students with eating disorders and those obtained by their healthy peers as well as the lack of significant differences between healthy and ill lower secondary school students. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Age is a significant factor related to eating disorders. 2. As regards their attitude in relation to eating and their own body, healthy lower secondary school students are not much different from their peers diagnosed with eating disorders. 3. Incorrect attitudes in relation to eating and their own body in girls with eating disorders increase in a significant way at secondary school and at college periods.

Supplementation of the cultivation media with B-group vitamins enhances lovastatin biosynthesis by Aspergillus terreus.

The impact of the supplementation of cultivation media with B-group vitamins on the biosynthesis of lovastatin (mevinolinic acid) by Aspergillus terreus ATCC20542 was investigated. A hypothesis was formulated that as the biosynthesis of lovastatin requires a high throughput of coenzymes in the cells, the application of its precursors in the form of B-group vitamins might positively influence the process. In a nitrogen-deficient medium the B-group vitamins, both single, especially nicotinamide, pyridoxine and calcium D-pantothenate, and a mixture of thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, calcium d-pantothenate and nicotinamide increased the efficiency of lovastatin biosynthesis. The vitamin supplementation also increased both volumetric and specific production rates of mevinolinic acid, especially before 80 h of the process, when no lactose limitation had been observed yet.

[Parent-child relations and sense of control in the perception of girls with anorexia]. / Postawy rodzicielskie a poczucie kontroli w percepcji dziewczat z anoreksja.

AIM: The aim of this study was to look for any relationships between the parent-child relations and sense of control in the perception of girls with anorexia. METHOD: The examined group consisted of 30 girls aged 15-23 years, diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (ICD-10) and 30 healthy girls of the same age (15-23). Parent-child relations were examined using the Parent-Child Relations Questionnaire (PCR, A. Roe and M. Siegelman) and a belief in control with the use of Inter-External Control Scale (IE, J. Rotter). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Statistical and clinical analysis of the results obtained allowed us to formulate the following conclusions: (1) Mother-child relations as perceived by the girls with anorexia are ambivalent. (2) The fathers of the girls with anorexia are rated as being more rejecting and less loving as compared to the fathers of healthy girls. (3) There are differences between father-child relations and mother-child relations both in the experimental and the control group. (4) Compared to their fathers, the mothers are rated by the daughters from both groups as being more loving and protecting. (5) The patients' fathers are rated as being more rejecting than their mothers, whereas the healthy girls report more demanding fathers than mothers. (6) External control in girls with anorexia is connected with rejecting and hostile mothers. (7) Internal control in healthy girls is linked to the approving and loving mothers and fathers.

[Present and premorbid self-image in patients with coronary heart disease]. / Aktualny i przedchorobowy obraz siebie pacjentów z choroba niedokrwienna serca.

AIM: The aim of this study was to find the differences between premorbid and present self-image in patients with coronary heart disease. METHODS: 70 patients with stable coronary heart disease treated at the Internal Medicine Department of the Military Hospital in Lublin and 70 healthy controls were studied. Mean age of the investigated patients was 53.11 years. 77% of the studied patients were city inhabitants and 23% were countryside dwellers. Subjects were studied with the use of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, by the Adjective Check List (ACL) and a questionnaire designed especially for the study of sociodemographic data of the investigated patients. Premorbid and present self-images were compared with the use of the ANOVA test. RESULTS: Our results showed that there are statistically significant differences between premorbid and present self-image in the perception of patients with coronary heart disease. CONCLUSIONS: 1. In present self-image, compared to the premorbid one, patients with coronary heart disease have low self-esteem, greater fear about the future, low endurance in performing tasks, they are less enterprising, have lower ability to overcome stress, they are more dependent and have a greater need to look for safety. 2. Women with coronary heart disease perceive themselves as having low self-esteem, low self-trust, more difficulties in overcoming stress and a lower ability to understand other people's behaviour as compared to the time before the disease. 3. Men with coronary heart disease perceive themselves as having less endurance, being less enterprising, having a negative attitude towards themselves and other people and being more dependant compared to the time before the illness.

[Personality features in multiple sclerosis patients with a relapsing-remitting course of the disease]. / Cechy osobowosci pacjentów z postacia zaostrzajaco-zwalniajaca stwardnienia rozsianego (RR-MS).

AIM: The aim of this article was to find the differences between level of anxiety, level of depression and certain features of self-image during relapse and remission in multiple sclerosis patients. METHOD: Subjects were 42 patients of the Neurology Department at the Military Hospital in Lublin with relapsing--remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS); 26 patients in relapse and 16 in remission of the disease. All patients included into the study had a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis according to the McDonald criteria. Mean age of the studied patients was 36 years, mean disease duration--8 years. Patients were investigated with the use of Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Gough and Heilbrunn Adjective Check List (ACL)--a questionnaire designed for the study. RESULTS: . Using the T-Student test, we compared results from MS patients in the period of relapse and in remission. Our results revealed statistically significant differences in the level of anxiety in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and in Free Child (FC) scale of Adjective Check List (ACL). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that patients in relapse have a higher level of anxiety, more negative attitude towards themselves, lack of self-confidence and they isolate more from the society as compared to multiple sclerosis patients in remission.

[Interdependencies between the actual self-image and the actual image of parents in women with anorexia nervosa]. / Wspólzaleznosci miedzy realnymi obrazami siebie i rodziców kobiet chorych na jadlowstret psychiczny.

AIM: The aim of the study was to answer the following research problem: what dependencies occur between actual images of women with anorexia and actual images of their mothers and fathers in their daughters' perception? TEST GROUP AND METHOD: The examined group consisted of 30 patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, undergoing treatment at the Department of Psychiatry of the Medical University in Lublin. The average age of the examined females was 21 years. All patients had a secondary level education. The actual images were examined using the Gough and Heilbrun Adjective Check List (ACL), which was completed by the patients three times following the instruction: "I am", "my mother is", "my father is". RESULTS: Statistically significant positive correlations were obtained between actual images of the patients and their mothers in 10 ACL scales, whereas between actual images of the patients and their fathers--in 15 scales. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Dependencies between the images of the patients and their mothers (in the daughters' perception) were found regarding self-control, order, diligence, loyalty, autonomy, confidence and avoiding conflicts. 2. The following relationships occur between the images of the patients and their fathers (in their daughters' perception) regarding self-evaluation, autonomy, aggression, understanding the motives of one's own behaviour, self-confidence, ability to cope with stress, nurturance and spontaneity. 3. The images of patients are connected both to the images of their mothers as well as fathers as regards: self-confidence, self-reliance, sense of one's effectiveness, autonomy, narcissism and difficulties in abandoning subordinated children's roles.

[Interdependencies between the ideal self-image and the ideal image of parents in women with anorexia nervosa]. / Wspólzaleznosci miedzy idealnymi obrazami siebie i rodziców kobiet chorych na jadlowstret psychiczny.

AIM: The aim of this work was to answer the following question: in the perception of patients, what kind of dependencies occur between ideal images of women with anorexia and ideal images of their mothers and fathers. TEST GROUP AND METHOD: The examined group consisted of 30 patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, undergoing treatment at the Department of Psychiatry of the Medical University in Lublin. The average age of the examined females was 21 years. The ideal images were examined with the Gough and Heilbrun Adjective Check List (ACL), which was completed by the patients three times following the instruction: "I would like to be", "I would like my mother to be", "I would like my father to be". RESULTS: 24 statistically significant correlations were obtained between ideal images of the patients and their mothers, whereas between the ideal images of the patients and their fathers the number of positive significant correlations was 21. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Dependencies were found between ideal images of the patients and their mothers as regards nurturance, intraception, affiliation, exhibition, dominance, autonomy, abasement and heterosexuality, self-discipline, self-control, ambition, diligence and self-confidence. 2. Dependencies were found between ideal images of the patients and their fathers as regards achievement, dominance, intraception, nurturance, affiliation, autonomy, aggression, exhibition and heterosexuality, self-control, ambition, resoluteness, self-confidence as well as such characteristics as: protectiveness, spontaneity and responsibility. 3. The following dependencies occur between ideal images of mothers and ideal images of fathers as perceived by women with anorexia: need for dominance, exhibition, heterosexuality and nurturance, deference and ambition.

[Interdependencies between anxiety versus premorbid and present self-image in patients with paranoid schizophrenia]. / Wspólzaleznosci miedzy lekiem a przedchorobowym i aktualnym obrazem siebie u chorych na schizofrenie paranoidalna.

AIM: The aim of this work was to determine the relationship between anxiety versus premorbid and present self-image in patients with paranoid schizophrenia hospitalized for the first time as well as many a times. TESTED GROUP/MATERIAL: The test group consisted of 120 patients, hospitalized for the first time, aged 19-20 years and diagnosed according to ICD-10 with paranoid schizophrenia, who had suffered from this illness for a period not longer than 2 years. The other group consisted of patients aged 25 - 46, who had suffered from this disease for 5 - 15 years and who had been hospitalized many a times (3 > 10). METHODS: In the tests' the H.G. Gough and A.B. Heilbrunn ACL Adjective test and R. Cattell's Ipat Anxiety Scale were used. The ACL test was done by the patients following the instruction "I am", "before the illness I was". The average, general anxiety level was correlated with the scales of the ACL test of the premorbid image and the present image in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: 1. The anxiety in patients with paranoid schizophrenia is connected both to the premorbid and the present self-image. 2. There is a more frequent and stronger relationship between anxiety and present self-images. 3. There are more interdependencies between anxiety and premorbid self-image in patients hospitalized for the first time. 4. There are more interdependencies between anxiety and present self-image in patients with chronic schizophrenia. 5. After the treatment there is no change of the direction of interdependencies but the strength of the relationship is getting deeper, the above tendency being manifested more often and stronger within the chronic group. 6. The higher the anxiety level, the more negative the self-esteem and the greater the need for support, whereas the need for self-accomplishment is lower.

[Connection between stressful live events with mental disorders]. / Zwiazek stresujacych wydarzen zyciowych z zaburzeniami stanu psychicznego.

AIM: The aim of the paper is to study the differences between the mentally ill and a control group correlated with stressful live events and its connection with a sense of coherence. METHODS: The group of 108 people, 49 psychiatric patients and 64 people without any mental disorders, were examined with the Hospital Anxiety-Depression Scale, Early Trauma Inventory, Social Readjustment Scale and the Sense of Coherence Scale. RESULTS: Patients with mental disorders had a significantly higher occurrence of stressful psychosocial factors during the last year, and also they were exposed to traumatic events in childhood more frequently than the control group. The sense of coherence, as a measurement of resources in coping with stress, was significantly lower in the case of the psychiatric patients. Statistically significant dependence of anxiety and depression symptoms which were reported by patients with mental disorders with abuses which were experienced in childhood highly correlated with a sense of coherence in the group of psychiatric patients. CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric patients experienced stressful life events in childhood more frequently, which had to do with a sense of coherence as measure of 'resistance' resources to cope with stressful events.