ABSTRACT
Bacterial contamination causes irreparable losses in the performance of alcoholic fermentation. Antibiotics are used to control these microorganisms, but they generate residues and cause microbial resistance. Today the only commercial product used by the mills is hops, but it is very expensive. As an alternative, the objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of using extracts from plants grown in the Cerrado for antimicrobial control during an alcoholic fermentation to replace antibiotics. Hydraethanolic extracts of leaves and essential oil of the following species were tested: Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Serjania erecta, Serjania marginata, Campomanesia adamantium and Syzygium cumini. Only the extract of Serjania marginata did not show any activity against the bacterium Bacillus sp. Both the essential oils as well as the hydroalcoholic extracts of S. terebinthifolius and C. adamantium and the extract of S. erecta showed antibacterial activity without harming the yeast, with potential to replace the hops.
Subject(s)
Fermentation , Plant Extracts , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacillus , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Bacteria/drug effectsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The incidence of vascular injury associated with knee arthroplasty is scarce, but, when they occur, the consequences are serious. OBJECTIVES: Describe the incidence of vascular lesions in our center and evaluate time to diagnosis, resolution and follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort during the 2010-2019 period of primary arthroplasties and knee revision. The incidence of vascular lesions and their demographic characteristics were analyzed. Type of lesion, diagnostic method and treatment were recorded. It was evaluated in distant follow-up of pain and functionality. RESULTS: 7.940 primary total knee arthroplasty and revision surgeries were recorded, and a report of 7 emergency cases for vascular lesions was also recorded, with an incidence of 0.088%. 3 vascular lesions were caused by direct laceration of the popliteal artery, 1 case of thrombosis of the popliteal artery and 3 cases of pseudoaneurysmal lesion of the superior genicular artery. Three vascular lesions that occurred in primary arthroplasty were immediately repaired by a vascular surgeon. Pseudoaneurysm lesions and thrombosis were resolved by angiographic procedure. DISCUSSION: Vascular complications around the knee are rare. Time to diagnosis and treatment is essential. Digital angiography is a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. There are various repair techniques, whether it's embolization, cauterization, stenting or endoprosthesis; therefore, digital angiography is a safe method with a low complication rate. CONCLUSION: The incidence of vascular lesions in knee arthroplasty in our center is very low. The cases were diagnosed and resolved early, without registering subsequent complications with good functional results in distant follow-up.
Subject(s)
Aneurysm, False , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee , Popliteal Artery , Vascular System Injuries , Humans , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee/adverse effects , Male , Female , Retrospective Studies , Aged , Incidence , Vascular System Injuries/epidemiology , Vascular System Injuries/etiology , Vascular System Injuries/diagnosis , Popliteal Artery/injuries , Popliteal Artery/surgery , Popliteal Artery/diagnostic imaging , Aneurysm, False/etiology , Aneurysm, False/epidemiology , Aneurysm, False/diagnosis , Middle Aged , Reoperation/statistics & numerical data , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Thrombosis/etiology , Thrombosis/epidemiology , Thrombosis/diagnosis , Aged, 80 and overABSTRACT
Trichophyton species cause dermatophytosis in humans, with a high, worldwide frequency of reports and important public health relevance. We evaluated 61 Trichophyton strains from different sources deposited in the University Recife Mycology (URM) culture collection of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil. Strains were phenotypically identified and confirmed by sequencing Internal Transcribed Spacers rDNA and partial beta-tubulin 2-exon. Additionally, we evaluated their susceptibility to terbinafine and itraconazole. Physiological analyses included urease activity and growth in casein medium. Phenotypic methods allowed the reliable identification of T. rubrum only, whereas, for other species, molecular methods were mandatory. All Trichophyton species exhibited susceptibility profiles to itraconazole (0.04-5.33 µg/mL) and terbinafine (0.17-3.33 µg/mL). Our analyses revealed a heterogeneous distribution of T. mentagrophytes, which does not support the current distribution within the species complex of T. mentagrophytes and its genotypes.
Subject(s)
Arthrodermataceae , Tinea , Humans , Trichophyton , Terbinafine/pharmacology , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Itraconazole , Brazil , Universities , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Arthrodermataceae/geneticsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: to evaluate the long term radiographic and functional results achieved in adult patients with osteoporotic, atrophic, non-unions of the diaphyseal humerus, treated surgically by open reduction and internal fixation with plates and bone graft. MATERIAL AND METHODS: we retrospectively evaluated 22 patients. Patient's age averaged 72 years. Time from initial trauma to definitive surgery averaged 18 months. Eleven patients were smokers, and four had active infection. Pre-operative Constant score and DASH score averaged 23.13 and 81.04, respectively. Pre-operative pain scale averaged 7.45 points. RESULTS: follow-up averaged 69 months. Union was achieved in all cases after an average of 4.68 months. DASH score at last follow-up averaged 20.27 points and Constant score 79.31 points. Analog pain scale averaged 0.77 points. Stabilization was performed using locking blade plates in 12 non-unions, locking compression plates in six cases, and double plating in four non-unions. Patients with active infection were treated in two stages using Masquelet's technique. Bone graft was associated in all cases (cancellous iliac crest autograft in 17, allograft in three, and combined structural allograft and cancellous autograft in two). Two grams of vancomycin powder were associated to the bone graft in all cases. CONCLUSION: the use of open reduction and internal fixation with plates associated to bone graft with local antibiotics, aloud achieving bony union and good predictable long-term objective and subjective functional results in all cases, without major complications or the need of further surgical intervention.
INTRODUCCIÓN: evaluar los resultados radiográficos y funcionales obtenidos a largo plazo en pacientes adultos que presentaron no-consolidaciones atróficas diafisarias de húmero asociadas a osteoporosis; tratadas quirúrgicamente mediante reducción abierta y fijación interna con placas e injerto óseo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: evaluamos retrospectivamente 22 pacientes, con edad promedio de 72 años, el tiempo desde el trauma inicial hasta la cirugía definitiva promedió, 18 meses. Once pacientes eran fumadores y cuatro presentaban infección activa. El score de Constant y el DASH preoperatorios promediaron 23.13 y 81.04, respectivamente. El valor de la escala analógica del dolor preoperatorio promedió 7.45 puntos. RESULTADOS: el seguimiento promedió 69 meses. Se obtuvo la consolidación en todos los casos, luego de un promedio de 4.68 meses. Al último seguimiento, los valores del DASH promediaron 20.27 puntos y el score de Constant promedió 79.31 puntos. La escala analógica del dolor promedió 0.77 puntos. La estabilización se realizó utilizando clavos placa bloqueados en 12 no-consolidaciones, placas bloqueadas de compresión en seis y doble placa en cuatro. Los pacientes con infección activa fueron tratados en dos etapas utilizando la técnica descripta por Masquelet. Se asoció injerto óseo en todas las reconstrucciones (autoinjerto esponjoso de cresta ilíaca en 17, aloinjerto en tres y se combinó aloinjerto estructural con autoinjerto esponjoso en dos). Dos gramos de vancomicina en polvo fueron asociados localmente al injerto óseo. CONCLUSIÓN: la combinación de reducción abierta y fijación interna con placas e injerto óseo permitió obtener la consolidación y resultados funcionales objetivos y subjetivos buenos y predecibles a largo plazo en todos los casos, sin complicaciones mayores ni la necesidad de intervenciones quirúrgicas sucesivas.
Subject(s)
Fractures, Ununited , Adult , Humans , Aged , Fractures, Ununited/surgery , Retrospective Studies , Humerus , Fracture Fixation, Internal/methods , ReoperationABSTRACT
The leafcutter ants (LCA) are considered plague in a great part of the American continent, causing great damage in production fields. Knowing the locomotion and foraging rhythm in LCA on a continuous basis would imply a significant advance for ecological studies, fundamentally of animal behavior. However, studying the forage rhythm of LCA in the field involves a significant human effort. This also adds a risk of subjective results due to the operator fatigue. In this work a new development named 'AntVideoRecord' is proposed to address this issue. This device is a low-cost autonomous system that records videos of the LCA path in a fixed position. The device can be easily reproduced using the freely accessible source code provided. The evaluation of this novel device was successful because it has exceeded all the basic requirements in the field: record continuously for at least seven days, withstand high and low temperatures, capture acceptable videos during the day and night, and have a simple configuration protocol by mobile devices and laptops. It was possible to confirm the correct operation of the device, being able to record more than 1900 h in the field at different climate conditions and times of the day.
ABSTRACT
Trypanosoma cruzi, responsible for Chagas disease, is a serious public health problem in Latin America with eight million people infected in the world. Clinical manifestations observed in humans due to T. cruzi infection are largely associated with the wide biological and genetic heterogeneity of the parasite. This review presents an overview of the parasitological aspects of various strains of T. cruzi isolated mainly in Mexico, as well as an analysis of the methodological processes used to determine their virulence that could be influencing their biological characterization. We emphasize the importance of using uniform protocols to study T. cruzi virulence, taking into account factors related to: strain (i.e. developmental stage, lineage, biological origin, genetic variability), animal model used (i.e. role of hormones, host immune response, age) and methodology (i.e. inoculum size, inoculation route, and laboratory conditions used during strain maintenance). These uniform protocols will then allow proposing elements for understanding clinical evolution and management of the disease, for providing adequate treatment, and for developing tools for future vaccines against Chagas disease.
Subject(s)
Trypanosoma cruzi/pathogenicity , Animals , Chagas Disease/therapy , Disease Models, Animal , Humans , Mexico , VirulenceABSTRACT
La presente investigación describe y analiza la situación de personas condiscapacidad psicosocial vinculadas con dispositivos de externación deinstituciones monovalentes, en relación con su inclusión en el ámbitocomunitario y el goce y ejercicio de sus derechos, en el marco de la Convenciónde las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad yla Ley Nacional de Salud Mental 26.657.ObjetivosIdentificar las barreras para la inclusión social plena y el goce y ejercicio dederechos de las personas con padecimiento mental en proceso de externación deinstituciones monovalentes de salud mental en las jurisdicciones seleccionadas.MétodosEl enfoque metodológico combinó técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas. Losdatos surgidos de las entrevistas a personas en proceso de externación y alos equipos asistenciales a favor de su externación e inclusión social fueroncomplementados y contrastados con información secundaria, resultante delrelevamiento de datos públicos y de pedidos de información a las agenciasestatales con competencia en la materia.ResultadosLos hallazgos evidencian que las condiciones reales de vida de la mayoría de laspersonas en procesos de externación se contradicen en el ejercicio de estos derechoscon los estándares previstos por la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre losDerechos de las Personas con Discapacidad y la Ley Nacional de Salud Mental 26.657.ConclusionesEs función indelegable del Estado sostener las acciones que garanticen losderechos a las personas con padecimiento mental, particularmente a aquellasque aún están internadas o que están intentando salir del encierro. Es menesteravanzar en una genuina articulación interministerial para generar las diferentesrespuestas necesarias en torno a la vivienda y al trabajo y sus respectivoscompromisos presupuestarios. Los Estados nacional y provinciales debenadecuar sus normas, reformar instituciones y reformular planes y políticas.
Subject(s)
Fellowships and Scholarships , Human Rights , Hospitals, PsychiatricABSTRACT
Introducción: Los reportes de infecciones por enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) han aumentado en los últimos años. Material y métodos: Cohorte prospectiva. Se realizó la búsqueda de EV-D68 en niños internados en el Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan entre 1-5-2016 y 30-9-2016 con: infección respiratoria aguda baja (IRAB) que requirieran cuidados intensivos, parálisis aguda fláccida (PAF) asimétrica con compromiso de sustancia gris en resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) o identificación de cualquier enterovirus con cuadro clínico compatible. La identificación de EV-D68 se realizó en el Servicio de Neurovirus, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas INEI-ANLIS "Dr. CG. Malbrán". Resultados: n: 6. PAF: cuatro niños presentaron PAF asimétrica, con arreflexia y RMN compatible con mielitis. Requirieron ventilación mecánica en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) dos de los 4 niños. Todos presentaron parálisis residual. Se identificó EV-D68 en secreciones nasofaríngeas (SNF) de todos ellos. En líquido cefalorraquídeo sólo en uno. Miocarditis: Una niña sana de 5 años se internó en UCI por disfunción miocárdica y fiebre. Presentaba además derrame pericárdico moderado. Recibió gamaglobulina e.v. con buena evolución. En SNF se identificaron virus sincicial respiratorio (VSR) y EV-D68. IRAB grave: se identificó EV-D68 en un paciente de 14 meses que permaneció en UCI por IRAB grave con requerimientos de ventilación no invasiva por 72 hs, con buena evolución posterior. Se constató coinfección VSR y EV-D68 en SNF. Conclusiones: Se reportan 6 pacientes internados con infección por EV-D68. La vigilancia epidemiológica activa es esencial para identificar la circulación, las características clínicas y el pronostico de las infecciones por virus emergentes (AU)
Introduction: Reports on enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infections have increased over the past years. Material and methods: A prospective cohort study. A search for EV-D68 infection was conducted in children hospitalized at Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan between 1-5-2016 and 30-9-2016 with: acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) requiring intensive care unit (UCI) admission, acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), asymmetry with grey matter involvement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or identification of any enterovirus associated with compatible features. The identification of EV-D68 was performed at the Department of Neuroviruses of the InstitutoNacional de EnfermedadesInfecciosas INEI-ANLIS "Dr. CG. Malbrán". Results: n: 6. AFP: four children had asymmetric AFP with areflexia and MRI compatible with myelitis. Two of four required mechanical ventilation in the ICU. All of them presented with residual paralysis. EV-D68 was identified in the nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) in all of them and in the cerebrospinal fluid in only one. Myocarditis: A 5-year-old healthy girl was admitted to the ICU because of myocardial dysfunction and fever associated with moderate pericardial effusion. She was put on IV gamma globulin with a good response. In the NPS respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and EV-D68 were identified. Severe ALRI: EV-D68 was identified in a 14-month-old patient who was admitted to the UCU because of severe ALRI requiring non-invasive ventilation for 72 hours with a good outcome. A RSV and EV-D68 coinfection was found in the NPS. Conclusions: We report six inpatients with a EV-D68 infection. Active epidemiological surveillance is crucial to identify circulation of the virus, clinical features, and prognosis of emerging viruses (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Critical Care , Enterovirus D, Human , Enterovirus Infections/diagnosis , Myelitis/diagnosis , Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis , Acute DiseaseABSTRACT
A single exposure to amphetamine induces neurochemical sensitization in striatal areas. The neuropeptide angiotensin II, through AT1 receptors (AT1-R) activation, is involved in these responses. However, amphetamine-induced alterations can be extended to extra-striatal areas involved in blood pressure control and their physiological outcomes. Our aim for the present study was to analyze the possible role for AT1-R in these events using a two-injection protocol and to further characterize the proposed AT1-R antagonism protocol. Central effect of orally administered AT1-R blocker (Candesartan, 3mg/kg p.o.×5days) in male Wistar rats was analyzed by spontaneous activity of neurons within locus coeruleus. In another group of animals pretreated with the AT1-R blocker or vehicle, sensitization was achieved by a single administration of amphetamine (5mg/kg i.p. - day 6) followed by a 3-week period off drug. On day 27, after receiving an amphetamine challenge (0.5mg/kg i.p.), we evaluated: (1) the sensitized c-Fos expression in locus coeruleus (LC), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), caudal ventrolateral medulla (A1) and central amygdala (CeAmy); and (2) the blood pressure response. AT1-R blockade decreased LC neurons' spontaneous firing rate. Moreover, sensitized c-Fos immunoreactivity in TH+neurons was found in LC and NTS; and both responses were blunted by the AT1-R blocker pretreatment. Meanwhile, no differences were found neither in CeAmy nor A1. Sensitized blood pressure response was observed as sustained changes in mean arterial pressure and was effectively prevented by AT1-R blockade. Our results extend AT1-R role in amphetamine-induced sensitization over noradrenergic nuclei and their cardiovascular output.
Subject(s)
Amphetamine/pharmacology , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Neurons/drug effects , Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism , Sympathomimetics/pharmacology , Action Potentials/drug effects , Action Potentials/physiology , Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology , Animals , Blood Pressure/physiology , Central Amygdaloid Nucleus/cytology , Central Amygdaloid Nucleus/drug effects , Central Amygdaloid Nucleus/metabolism , Locus Coeruleus/cytology , Locus Coeruleus/drug effects , Locus Coeruleus/metabolism , Male , Medulla Oblongata/cytology , Medulla Oblongata/drug effects , Medulla Oblongata/metabolism , Neurons/cytology , Neurons/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism , Random Allocation , Rats, Wistar , Solitary Nucleus/cytology , Solitary Nucleus/drug effects , Solitary Nucleus/metabolismABSTRACT
Fundamento: las tendencias de la educación superior contemporánea han constituido elementos determinantes en los rediseños curriculares para conducir la educación médica a unescalón superior. Objetivo: indagar cómo se ha comportado la investigación científica acerca de la disciplina Morfofisiología Humana y su publicidad en los espacios divulgativos.Métodos: se realizó una investigación documental en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara, cuyo objeto de estudio fueron los artículos científicos publicados, hasta mayo del2016, sobre la disciplina Morfofisiología Humana. Se emplearon métodos teóricos: histórico-lógico, análisis-síntesis e inducción-deducción; y empíricos: el análisis documental de los artículos de varios autores cubanos.Resultados: se encontraron 43 artículos científicos publicados, la mayoría de ellos en las revistas Educación Médica Superior, EDUMECENTRO y MEDISAN. Los aspectos más reiterados fueron: recursos del aprendizaje conformados a partir del uso de las Tecnologías de laInformación y las Comunicaciones, el componente profesor, las formas de organización de la enseñanza, la evaluación y la implementación y perfeccionamiento de la disciplina. La mayoría de los artículos provienen del proyecto Medicina Integral Comunitaria y Nuevo Programa deFormación de Médicos y de las universidades de La Habana, Villa Clara y Santiago de Cuba.Conclusiones: la Morfofisiología Humana ha sido motivo de estudio en diferentesinvestigaciones por autores comprometidos con el desarrollo de esta disciplina; en sus artículos han abordado diferentes aristas del proceso enseñanza aprendizaje que sustentan la opinión de los investigadores, sin embargo, por su alcance docente resultan insuficientes lasinvestigaciones publicadas(AU)
Subject(s)
Research/education , Teaching , Learning , Education, MedicalABSTRACT
Objetivo: Establecer la utilidad de la resonancia magnética (RM) en pacientes con reemplazo total de rodilla (RTR) dolorosa tras la aplicación de un protocolo optimizado y determinar en qué medida estos hallazgos modifican la conducta terapéutica. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron con protocolo optimizado las RM de 15 pacientes con RTR dolorosa, realizadas entre marzo de 2013 y febrero de 2014. La evaluación fue hecha por un especialista en musculoesquelético y los hallazgos fueron registrados. Resultados: De nuestra población, el 74% eran mujeres y la media de edad fue de 74 +/ - 7 años. Se identificaron posibles causas de dolor en el 80% de los casos y se modificó la conducta médica en el 33%. Se encontró líquido articular en el 93% y signos de sinovitis en el 33%. Los tendones rotuliano, cuadricipital y poplíteo se vieron correctamente en el 77%, 92% y 69%, respectivamente; mientras que los ligamentos colaterales medial y lateral fueron visibles en el 46% y 54%, respectivamente. Discusión: Si bien hay publicaciones con diferentes prevalencias de sinovitis y demás hallazgos, la mayoría ha demostrado que la RM de rodilla con un protocolo optimizado permite generar cambios en la conducta terapéutica. A su vez, el método siempre ha visualizado los ligamentos y tendones de la rodilla con un éxito similar al de nuestro trabajo. Conclusión: Aun careciendo de softwares comerciales específicos que reduzcan el artificio metálico, la aplicación de un protocolo optimizado logra identificar hallazgos que guían el tratamiento y permite evaluar las estructuras ligamentarias.
Objective: To establish the usefulness of magnetic resonance (MR) in patients with total knee replacement (TKR) pain after applying an optimised protocol, and to determinate which of the findings influence medical decision. Materials and methods: Fifteen patients suffering knee pain after TKR were studied using an optimised MR examination protocol from March 2013 to February 2014. The MR was interpreted by a musculoskeletal radiologist and findings were registered. Results: Out of the 15 patients, 74% were female. Mean age was 74 +/ - 7 years. The cause of pain was identified in 80% of the cases, and the medical decision was changed in 33%. Increased intra-articular fluid was seen in 93%, and signs of synovitis in 33%. The patellar, quadricipital, and popliteal tendons were correctly assessed in 77%, 92%, and 69% of patients, respectively, while the tibial and the fibula collateral ligaments were correctly assessed in 46% and 54% of patients, respectively. Discussion: Despite other articles showing a different prevalence of synovitis and MR findings, most of them showed that an optimised protocol impacted on clinical care. Also, most of the adjacent anatomical structures were successfully observed, as in our case. Conclusion: Even in the absence of metal reduction tailored sequences, an optimised protocol manages to diagnose conditions that alter clinical decisions and allows the identification of adjacent anatomical structures.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee , Knee Prosthesis , Retrospective Studies , Knee/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
El desarrollo de la cultura general integral es un aspecto importante en la formación de los profesionales de las ciencias médicas, para que puedan desempeñarse como centinelas de y promotores de la cultura en Cuba y el resto del mundo; pero para lograr este objetivo es necesario integrar conocimientos de historia, arte y su vinculación con la profesión, lo cual ha sido el objetivo del proyecto HISTARTMED. En este número especial de la revista EDUMECENTRO, las autoras se propusieron exponer a través de la presente comunicación los resultados alcanzados por la provincia Villa Clara en el trascendental proyecto universitario(AU)
Subject(s)
History , Art , Medicine , Culture , Education, MedicalABSTRACT
Fundamento: el examen estatal es una evaluación objetiva que comprueba el logro de los objetivos generales y esenciales de los contenidos impartidos durante la carrera de formainterdisciplinaria con un mayor nivel de organización y control de los resultados en el proceso de formación.Objetivo: valorar aspectos metodológicos de la elaboración de las preguntas de Medicina Natural y Tradicional en los exámenes estatales de la carrera de Medicina. Métodos: se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva y transversal, en el campodel proceso enseñanza aprendizaje cuyo objeto de análisis fue el examen estatal de 6to año de la carrera de Medicina. El universo estuvo constituido por los exámenes estatales aplicados a partir del curso 1998-1999 y hasta 2013-2014. Para el desarrollo de lainvestigación se emplearon métodos teóricos, empíricos y procedimientos estadísticos. Resultados: se constató que existen deficiencias en la elaboración de la pregunta de Medicina Natural y Tradicional por predominar las de tipo ensayo de respuestas cortas, eminentemente reproductivas y no poseer carácter integrador con el resto de los contenidos a evaluar. Conclusiones: la evaluación correspondiente a los contenidos de Medicina Natural yTradicional en el examen estatal de la carrera de Medicina presenta dificultades en la elaboración de las preguntas lo cual repercute en la insuficiente comprobación de losobjetivos propuestos en la estrategia curricular(AU)
Subject(s)
Educational Measurement , Medicine, Traditional , Education, MedicalABSTRACT
Sunlight, composed of different types of radiation, including ultraviolet wavelengths, is an essential source of light and warmth for life on earth but has strong negative effects on human health, such as promoting the malignant transformation of skin cells and suppressing the ability of the human immune system to efficiently detect and attack malignant cells. UV-induced immunosuppression has been extensively studied since it was first described by Dr. Kripke and Dr. Fisher in the late 1970s. However, skin exposure to sunlight has not only this and other unfavorable effects, for example, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, but also a positive one: the induction of Vitamin D synthesis, which performs several roles within the immune system in addition to favoring bone homeostasis. The impact of low levels of UV exposure on the immune system has not been fully reported yet, but it bears interesting differences with the suppressive effect of high levels of UV radiation, as shown by some recent studies. The aim of this article is to put some ideas in perspective and pose some questions within the field of photoimmunology based on established and new information, which may lead to new experimental approaches and, eventually, to a better understanding of the effects of sunlight on the human immune system.
Subject(s)
Immune System/radiation effects , Immunosuppression Therapy , Skin/radiation effects , Sunlight , Animals , Humans , Immune Tolerance , Mice , Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/immunology , Skin Neoplasms/immunology , Ultraviolet Rays , Vitamin D/immunology , Vitamin D/metabolismABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Previous results from our laboratory showed that angiotensin II AT1 receptors (AT1-R) are involved in the neuroadaptative changes induced by amphetamine. The aim of the present work was to study functional and neurochemical responses to angiotensin II (ANG II) mediated by AT1-R activation in animals previously exposed to amphetamine. For this purpose male Wistar rats (250-320 g) were treated with amphetamine (2.5mg/kg/day intraperitoneal) or saline for 5 days and implanted with intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) cannulae. Seven days after the last amphetamine administration the animals received ANG II (400 pmol) i.c.v. One group was tested in a free choice paradigm for sodium (2% NaCl) and water intake and sacrificed for Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) determinations. In a second group of rats, urine and plasma samples were collected for electrolytes and plasma renin activity determination and then they were sacrificed for Fos-IR determination in Oxytocinergic neurons (Fos-OT-IR). RESULTS: Repeated amphetamine exposure (a) prevented the increase in sodium intake and Fos-IR cells in caudate-putamen and accumbens nucleus induced by ANG II i.c.v. (b) potentiated urinary sodium excretion and Fos-OT-IR in hypothalamus and (c) increased the inhibitory response in plasma renin activity, in response to ANG II i.c.v. Our results indicate a possible functional desensitisation of AT1-R in response to ANG II, induced by repeated amphetamine exposure. This functional AT1-R desensitisation allows to unmask the effects of ANG II i.c.v. mediated by oxytocin. We conclude that the long lasting changes in brain AT1-R functionality should be considered among the psychostimulant-induced neuroadaptations.
Subject(s)
Amphetamine/pharmacology , Brain/drug effects , Brain/metabolism , Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology , Receptors, Angiotensin/metabolism , Angiotensin II/pharmacology , Animals , Drinking/drug effects , Glucose/metabolism , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Injections, Intraventricular , Male , Oncogene Proteins v-fos/metabolism , Oxytocin/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Sodium/metabolismABSTRACT
The stress response of Oncorhynchus mykiss in high-altitude farms in central Mexico was investigated over two seasons: the cool (9·1-13·7° C) dry winter season, and the warmer (14·7-15·9° C), wetter summer season. Fish were subjected to an acute stress test followed by sampling of six physiological variables: blood cortisol, glucose, lactate, total antioxidant capacity, haemoglobin concentration and per cent packed cell volume (VPC %). Multivariate analyses revealed that lactate and total antioxidant capacity were significantly higher in the summer, when water temperatures were warmer and moderate hypoxia (4·9-5·3 mg l(-1) ) prevailed. In contrast, plasma cortisol was significantly higher in the winter (mean ± s.e.: 76·7 ± 4·0 ng ml(-1) ) when temperatures were cooler and dissolved oxygen levels higher (6·05-7·9 mg l(-1) ), than in the summer (22·7 ± 3·8 ng ml(-1) ). Haemoglobin concentrations (mg dl(-1) ) were not significantly different between seasons, but VPC % was significantly higher in the summer (50%) than in the winter (35%). These results suggest that in summer, effects of high altitude on farmed fish are exacerbated by stresses of high temperatures and hypoxia, resulting in higher blood lactate, increased total antioxidant capacity and elevated VPC % levels.
Subject(s)
Altitude , Oncorhynchus mykiss/physiology , Stress, Physiological , Animals , Antioxidants/chemistry , Blood Glucose/chemistry , Hemoglobins/chemistry , Hydrocortisone/blood , Hypoxia , Lactic Acid/blood , Mexico , Seasons , TemperatureABSTRACT
Objetivos: Describir las manifestaciones oftalmológicas de la ictiosis congénita. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 8 pacientes con ictiosis lamelar congénita atendidos en el servicio de oftalmología del Hospital de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan. Se analizaron: edad, sexo, posicionamiento de los párpados, la presencia de lagoftalmos, alteraciones de la superficie ocular y tratamientos tópicos y quirúrgicos instaurados para la patología ocular. Resultados: Se estudiaron 16 ojos de 8 pacientes, 7 de sexo masculino y 1 de sexo femenino. Cinco pacientes presentaron ictiosis lamelar clásica y 2 eritrodermia congénita ictiosiforme (EIC). La edad media de los pacientes fue de 30,6 meses (r= 15 días y 108 meses). Los hallazgos oftalmológicos observados fueron: queratitis y lagoftalmos en el 50% de los pacientes, ectropión en el 37,5% y absceso corneal en ambos ojos de 1 paciente. Todos los pacientes fueron tratados de primera instancia con lubricantes, 2 se trataron con eritromicina tópica ante la presencia de secreción y sólo 1 paciente requirió tratamiento con colirio fortificado y colocación de membrana amniótica. Conclusión: la ictiosis congénita produce alteraciones en los párpados y en la superficie corneal con alto riesgo de secuelas y pérdida visual. Los controles periódicos son indispensables para poder prevenir las lesiones y sus complicaciones (AU)
Aim: To describe the ophthalmological manifestations of congenital ichthyosis. Material and Methods: A retrospective study of eight patients with congenital lamellar ichthyosis was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology of the Pediatric Hospital Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan. Age, sex, eyelid position, presence of lagophthalmos, ocular surface alterations, as well as topical and surgical eye treatment were analyzed. Results: 16 eyes of 8 patients, 7 male and 1 female, were studied. Five patients had classical lamellar ichthyosis and two had congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (CIE). Mean age of the patients was 30.6 months (r, 15 days to 108 months). Ophthalmological findings were: keratitis and lagophthalmos in 50% of patients, ectropion in 37.5%, and corneal abscess in both eyes in one patient. All patients were initialy treated with artificial tears, two were treated with topical erythromycin because of secretion, and only one patient needed treatment with fortified eye drops and placement of amniotic membrane. Conclusion: Congenital ichthyosis causes disorders of the eyelids and corneal damage with a high risk of sequelae and vision loss. Periodic controls are necessary to prevent the lesions and their complications (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Corneal Edema , Ectropion , Ichthyosis, Lamellar/complications , Ichthyosis, Lamellar/diagnosis , Ichthyosis, Lamellar/genetics , Keratitis , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Fundamento: la Física Médica utiliza sus fundamentos en múltiples técnicas terapéuticas y proporciona las bases para la compresión de modernas tecnologías médicas con criterios de utilización en el área de la salud.Objetivo: elaborar un folleto complementario como material de apoyo a Física I en las especialidades de las ciencias básicas biomédicas.Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva longitudinal en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara, durante 2012-2013. Se emplearon métodos teóricos: histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo y sistémico-estructural; y empíricos: análisis documental del programa Física I y de las residencias Anatomía Humana y Fisiología para corroborar la vinculación intermaterias y determinar los núcleos esenciales del contenido; la encuesta a los residentes para comprobar su nivel de conocimientos sobre Física I, y a los docentes para conocer cuáles contenidos de sus asignaturas se vinculan con la Física. Resultados: se evidenció desactualización bibliográfica sobre los contenidos de Física en las especialidades. El cuestionario a los residentes corroboró las temáticas con mayores dificultades: leyes de Newton, oscilaciones y ondas, y movimiento circular; plantearon la necesidad de vincular Física I con los procesos fisiológicos y anatómicos del cuerpo humano. Los profesores expresaron que las temáticas de sus asignaturas se relacionan con Física, y que resultaría beneficioso un tratamiento metodológico interdisciplinario. Se elaboró un Folleto Complementario de apoyo para la docencia con contenidos de la asignatura y un sistema de ejercicios. Conclusiones: el material confeccionado fue valorado por los especialistas como útil y pertinente, por la actualización de sus contenidos y tratamiento metodológico(AU)