Synthesis and Structural Study of Amidrazone Derived Pyrrole-2,5-Dione Derivatives: Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agents.

1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione derivatives are known for their wide range of pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. This study aimed to synthesize new 3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione derivatives 2a-2f in the reaction of N3-substituted amidrazones with 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride and evaluate their structural and biological properties. Compounds 2a-2f were studied by the 1H-13C NMR two-dimensional techniques (HMQC, HMBC) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (derivatives 2a and 2d). The anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 2a-2f was examined by both an anti-proliferative study and a production study on the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in anti-CD3 antibody- or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures. The antibacterial activity of compounds 2a-2f against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Micrococcus luteus, Esherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Nocardia corralina strains was determined using the broth microdilution method. Structural studies of 2a-2f revealed the presence of distinct Z and E stereoisomers in the solid state and the solution. All compounds significantly inhibited the proliferation of PBMCs in anti-CD3-stimulated cultures. The strongest effect was observed for derivatives 2a-2d. The strongest inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production was observed for the most promising anti-inflammatory compound 2a.

Intramolecular C-N Bond Formation via Thermal Arene C-H Bond Activation Supported by Au(III) Complexes.

One of the main tactics to access C-N bonds from inactivated C-H functionalities is direct transition metal-supported aminations. Due to the often harsh reaction conditions, the current goal in the field is the search for more mild and sustainable transformations. Herein, we present the first solvent-free thermally induced C-N bond formation driven by Au(III) salts. The general structure of the products was confirmed by 1H, 13C, 15N NMR, TGA-DTA and ATR/FT-IR analysis. Additionally, all derivatives were tested as catalysts in a three-component coupling reaction between phenylacetylene, benzaldehyde and piperidine and as anticancer agents on HL-60 and MCF-7 cell lines.

Synthesis and evaluation of new amidrazone-derived hydrazides as a potential anti-inflammatory agents.

ABSTRACT: The series of new hydrazide derivatives were synthesized in reactions of N3-substituted amidrazones with cyclic anhydrides as potential anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agents. The compounds were characterized by 1H-13C two-dimensional NMR techniques, which revealed the presence of two tautomeric forms in DMSO-d6 solutions, while the molecular structure of one species was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The anti-inflammatory effects of hydrazides on peripheral blood mononuclear cells were experimentally evaluated. Three compounds showed antiproliferative activity comparable to ibuprofen. One derivative demonstrated strong reduction of lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by anti-CD3 antibody (by 90%) and PHA, as well as low cell toxicity. The obtained compounds exhibited relatively weak antibacterial activity; they were more effective against Gram-positive bacterial strains.

1H, 13C, 15N NMR coordination shifts in Fe(II), Ru(II) and Os(II) cationic complexes with 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine.

(1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR studies of iron(II), ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) bis-chelated cationic complexes with 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine ([M(terpy)(2) ](2+) ; M = Fe, Ru, Os) were performed. Significant shielding of nitrogen-adjacent H(6) and deshielding of H(3'), H(4') protons were observed, both effects being mostly expressed for Fe(II) compounds. The metal-bonded nitrogens were shielded, this effect being much larger for the outer N(1), N(1″) than the inner N(1') atoms, and enhanced in the Fe(II) → Ru(II) → Os(II) series.

1H, 13C, 195Pt and 15N NMR structural correlations in Pd(II) and Pt(II) chloride complexes with various alkyl and aryl derivatives of 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline.

(1)H, (13)C, (195)Pt and (15)N NMR studies of platinide(II) (M = Pd, Pt) chloride complexes with such alkyl and aryl derivatives of 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline as LL = 6,6'-dimethyl-bpy, 5,5'-dimethyl-bpy, 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-bpy, 2,9-dimethyl-phen, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-phen, 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-phen, having the general [M(LL)Cl(2)] formula were performed and the respective chemical shifts (δ(1H), δ(13C), δ(195Pt), δ(15N)) reported. (1)H high-frequency coordination shifts (Δ(coord)(1H) = δ(complex)(1H)-δ(ligand)(1H)) mostly pronounced for nitrogen-adjacent protons and methyl groups in the nearest adjacency of nitrogen, as well as (15)N low-frequency coordination shifts (Δ(coord)(15H) = δ(complex)(15H)-δ(ligand)(15H)) were discussed in relation to the molecular structures.

Validation of Relativistic DFT Approaches to the Calculation of NMR Chemical Shifts in Square-Planar Pt(2+) and Au(3+) Complexes.

Recently implemented hybrid density functional methods of calculating nuclear magnetic shielding using the two-component zeroth-order regular approximation approach (J. Phys. Chem. A2009, 113, 11495) have been employed for a series of compounds containing heavy transition-metal atoms. These include Pt(2+), Pd(2+), and Au(3+) organometallics and metal complexes with azines, some of which exhibit interesting biological and catalytic activities. In this study we investigate the effects of geometry, exchange-correlation functional, solvent, and scalar relativistic and spin-orbit corrections on the nuclear magnetic shielding-mainly for (13)C and (15)N atoms connected to a heavy-atom center. Our calculations demonstrate that the B3LYP method using effective core potentials and a cc-pwCVTZ-PP/6-31G** basis set augmented with the polarizable continuum model of the dimethylsulfoxide solvent provides geometries for the complexes in question which are compatible with the experimental NMR results in terms of both the trends and the absolute values of the (13)C shifts. The important role of the exact exchange admixture parameter for hybrid functionals based on B3LYP and PBE0 is investigated systematically for selected Pt(2+) and Au(3+) complexes. The (13)C and (15)N NMR chemical shifts are found to be best reproduced by using a B3LYP or PBE0 approach with 30% and 40-50% exact exchange admixtures for the Pt(2+) and Au(3+) complexes, respectively. The spin-orbit contributions to the (15)N NMR chemical shifts reflect metal-ligand bonding that is much more ionic for the Au(3+) than for the Pt(2+) complex. Finally, an optimized density functional method is applied to a series of transition-metal complexes to estimate the scope and the limitations of the current approach.

Structural correlations for (1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR coordination shifts in Au(III), Pd(II) and Pt(II) chloride complexes with lutidines and collidine.

(1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR studies of gold(III), palladium(II) and platinum(II) chloride complexes with dimethylpyridines (lutidines: 2,3-lutidine, 2,3lut; 2,4-lutidine, 2,4lut; 3,5-lutidine, 3,5lut; 2,6-lutidine, 2,6lut) and 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (2,4,6-collidine, 2,4,6col) having general formulae [AuLCl(3)], trans-[PdL(2)Cl(2)] and trans-/cis-[PtL(2)Cl(2)] were performed and the respective chemical shifts (delta(1H), delta(13C), delta(15N)) reported. The deshielding of protons and carbons, as well as the shielding of nitrogens was observed. The (1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR coordination shifts (Delta(1H) (coord), Delta(13C) (coord), Delta(15N) (coord); Delta(coord) = delta(complex) - delta(ligand)) were discussed in relation to some structural features of the title complexes, such as the type of the central atom [Au(III), Pd(II), Pt(II)], geometry (trans- or cis-), metal-nitrogen bond lengths and the position of both methyl groups in the pyridine ring system.

(1)H NMR assignment corrections and (1)H, (13)C, (15)N NMR coordination shifts structural correlations in Fe(II), Ru(II) and Os(II) cationic complexes with 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline.

(1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR studies of iron(II), ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) tris-chelated cationic complexes with 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline of the general formula [M(LL)(3)](2+) (M = Fe, Ru, Os; LL = bpy, phen) were performed. Inconsistent literature (1)H signal assignments were corrected. Significant shielding of nitrogen-adjacent protons [H(6) in bpy, H(2) in phen] and metal-bonded nitrogens was observed, being enhanced in the series Ru(II) --> Os(II) --> Fe(II) for (1)H, Fe(II) --> Ru(II) --> Os(II) for (15)N and bpy --> phen for both nuclei. The carbons are deshielded, the effect increasing in the order Ru(II) --> Os(II) --> Fe(II).

1H, 13C, 15N and 195Pt NMR studies of Au(III) and Pt(II) chloride organometallics with 2-phenylpyridine.

(1)H, (13)C, (15)N and (195)Pt NMR studies of gold(III) and platinum(II) chloride organometallics with N(1),C(2')-chelated, deprotonated 2-phenylpyridine (2ppy*) of the formulae [Au(2ppy*)Cl(2)], trans(N,N)-[Pt(2ppy*)(2ppy)Cl] and trans(S,N)-[Pt(2ppy*)(DMSO-d(6))Cl] (formed in situ upon dissolving [Pt(2ppy*)(micro-Cl)](2) in DMSO-d(6)) were performed. All signals were unambiguously assigned by HMBC/HSQC methods and the respective (1)H, (13)C and (15)N coordination shifts (i.e. differences between chemical shifts of the same atom in the complex and ligand molecules: Delta(1H)(coord) = delta(1H)(complex) - delta(1H)(ligand), Delta(13C)(coord) = delta(13C)(complex) - delta(13C)(ligand), Delta(15N)(coord) = delta(15N)(complex) - delta(15N)(ligand)), as well as (195)Pt chemical shifts and (1)H-(195)Pt coupling constants discussed in relation to the known molecular structures. Characteristic deshielding of nitrogen-adjacent H(6) protons and metallated C(2') atoms as well as significant shielding of coordinated N(1) nitrogens is discussed in respect to a large set of literature NMR data available for related cyclometallated compounds.

1H, 13C and 15N nuclear magnetic resonance coordination shifts in Au(III), Pd(II) and Pt(II) chloride complexes with phenylpyridines.

1H, 13C and 15N nuclear magnetic resonance studies of gold(III), palladium(II) and platinum(II) chloride complexes with phenylpyridines (PPY: 4-phenylpyridine, 4ppy; 3-phenylpyridine, 3ppy; and 2-phenylpyridine, 2ppy) having the general formulae [Au(PPY)Cl3], trans-/cis-[Pd(PPY)2Cl2] and trans-/cis-[Pt(PPY)2Cl2] were performed and the respective chemical shifts (delta1H, delta13C and delta15N) reported. 1H, 13C and 15N coordination shifts (i.e. differences between chemical shifts of the same atom in the complex and ligand molecules: Delta(coord)(1H) = delta(complex)(1H)-delta(ligand)(1H), Delta(coord)(13C) = delta(complex)(13C)-delta(ligand)(13C), Delta(coord)(15N) = delta(complex)(15N)-delta(ligand)(15N)) were discussed in relation to the type of the central atom (Au(III), Pd(II) and Pt(II)), geometry (trans-/cis-) and the position of a phenyl group in the pyridine ring system.

Experimental and quantum-chemical studies of 1H, 13C and 15N NMR coordination shifts in Au(III), Pd(II) and Pt(II) chloride complexes with picolines.

(1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR studies of gold(III), palladium(II) and platinum(II) chloride complexes with picolines, [Au(PIC)Cl(3)], trans-[Pd(PIC)(2)Cl(2)], trans/cis-[Pt(PIC)(2)Cl(2)] and [Pt(PIC)(4)]Cl(2), were performed. After complexation, the (1)H and (13)C signals were shifted to higher frequency, whereas the (15)N ones to lower (by ca 80-110 ppm), with respect to the free ligands. The (15)N shielding phenomenon was enhanced in the series [Au(PIC)Cl(3)] < trans-[Pd(PIC)(2)Cl(2)] < cis-[Pt(PIC)(2)Cl(2)] < trans-[Pt(PIC)(2)Cl(2)]; it increased following the Pd(II) --> Pt(II) replacement, but decreased upon the trans --> cis-transition. Experimental (1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR chemical shifts were compared to those quantum-chemically calculated by B3LYP/LanL2DZ + 6-31G**//B3LYP/LanL2DZ + 6-31G*.

15N NMR coordination shifts in Pd(II), Pt(II), Au(III), Co(III), Rh(III), Ir(III), Pd(IV), and Pt(IV) complexes with pyridine, 2,2'-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline, quinoline, isoquinoline, 2,2'-biquinoline, 2,2':6', 2'-terpyridine and their alkyl or aryl derivatives.

The 15N NMR data for 105 complexes of Pd(II), Pt(II), Au(III), Co(III), Rh(III), Ir(III), Pd(IV), and Pt(IV) complexes with simple azines such as pyridine, 2,2'-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline, quinoline, isoquinoline, 2,2'-biquinoline, 2,2':6', 2''-terpyridine and their alkyl or aryl derivatives have been reviewed. The 15N NMR coordination shifts, i.e. the differences between the 15N chemical shifts of the same nitrogen in the molecules of the complex and the ligand (Delta(15N) (coord) = delta(15N) (compl)--delta(15N) (lig)), have been related to some structural features of the reviewed coordination compounds, like the type of the central ion and the character of auxiliary ligands (mainly in trans position). These Delta(15N) (coord) parameters are negative, their absolute magnitudes (ca 30-150 ppm) generally increasing in the metal order Au(III) < Pd(II) < Pt(II) and Rh(III) < Co(III) < Pt(IV) < Ir(III), as well as with the enhanced trans influence of the other donor atoms (H, C << Cl < N).

Structure and dynamics of methyl cis-3,4-diamino-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside complexes with PtCl(2) and PdCl(2), by (1)H, (2)H, (13)C, (15)N and (195)Pt NMR spectroscopy in DMSO, CD(3)CN and H(2)O.

Pd(II) and Pt(II) chloride complexes with LL = methyl cis-3,4-diamino-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-alpha-l-lyxo-hexopyranoside of the formulae [Pd(LL)Cl(2)] and [Pt(LL)Cl(2)], 1, were studied by (1)H, (2)H, (13)C, (15)N and (195)Pt NMR spectroscopy. These techniques were applied for characterization of the structure and ligand exchange dynamics, in case of diastereomeric species formed from 1 in DMSO-d(6), DMSO-h(6) and H(2)O; their general formula was [Pt(LL)XY](+) (X = Cl, Y = DMSO-d(6), 2a; X = DMSO-d(6), Y = Cl, 2b; X = Cl, Y = DMSO-h(6), 2a'; X = DMSO-h(6), Y = Cl, 2b'; X = Cl, Y = H(2)O, 3a; X = H(2)O, Y = Cl, 3b). Their theoretical structures and NMR parameters, calculated at the level of DFT approach, were also presented and compared to the experimental data. The model complex [Pt(trans-diaminocyclohexane)Cl(2)], 4, was studied as well. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first account dealing with the detailed analysis of structure and dynamics of ligand exchange processes in organic solvents and water, performed for a PtCl(2) complex containing a diaminosugar moiety. The kinetic behavior of the studied coordination compounds suggests that some of them may be potentially active in bioassays against cancer cells. Compound 1 exhibits noticeable versatile ligand exchange possibilities in DMSO and H(2)O. Particularly, it undergoes solvolysis in DMSO-d(6), exchanging one chloride atom and yielding two diastereomers 2a and 2b; the former, being the kinetically favored species, has the DMSO-d(6) ligand syn to the N(3) atom. The lyophilisate of the respective 2a + 2b mixture, earlier equilibrated in DMSO-d(6), after dissolving in H(2)O yields only the latter isomer, which is thermodynamically favored. The solvolysis of 1 in H(2)O yields instantaneously two diastereomeric monoaquated species, 3a and 3b, amounting to 10% of each.

Experimental and quantum-chemical studies of 1H, 13C and 15N NMR coordination shifts in Pd(II) and Pt(II) chloride complexes with methyl and phenyl derivatives of 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline.

1H, 13C and 15N NMR studies of platinide(II) (M=Pd, Pt) chloride complexes with methyl and phenyl derivatives of 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline [LL=4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dmbpy); 4,4'-diphenyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dpbpy); 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmphen); 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dpphen)] having a general [M(LL)Cl2] formula were performed and the respective chemical shifts (delta1H, delta13C, delta15N) reported. 1H high-frequency coordination shifts (Delta1Hcoord=delta1Hcomplex-delta1Hligand) were discussed in relation to the changes of diamagnetic contribution in the relevant 1H shielding constants. The comparison to literature data for similar [M(LL)(XX)], [M(LL)X2] and [M(LL)XY] coordination or organometallic compounds containing various auxiliary ligands revealed a large dependence of delta1H parameters on inductive and anisotropic effects. 15N low-frequency coordination shifts (Delta15Ncoord=delta 15Ncomplex-delta15Nligand) of ca 88-96 ppm for M=Pd and ca 103-111 ppm for M=Pt were attributed to both the decrease of the absolute value of paramagnetic contribution and the increase of the diamagnetic term in the expression for 15N shielding constants. The absolute magnitude of Delta15Ncoord parameter increased by ca 15 ppm upon Pd(II)-->Pt(II) transition and by ca 6-7 ppm following dmbpy-->dmphen or dpbpy-->dpphen ligand replacement; variations between analogous complexes containing methyl and phenyl ligands (dmbpy vs dpbpy; dmphen vs dpphen) did not exceed+/-1.5 ppm. Experimental 1H, 13C, 15N NMR chemical shifts were compared to those quantum-chemically calculated by B3LYP/LanL2DZ+6-31G**//B3LYP/LanL2DZ+6-31G*, both in vacuo and in DMSO or DMF solution.

Experimental and quantum-chemical studies of 1H, 13C and 15N NMR coordination shifts in Pd(II) and Pt(II) chloride complexes with quinoline, isoquinoline, and 2,2'-biquinoline.

1H, 13C, and 15N NMR studies of platinide(II) (M=Pd, Pt) chloride complexes with quinolines (L=quinoline-quin, or isoquinoline-isoquin; LL=2,2'-biquinoline-bquin), having the general formulae trans-/cis-[ML2Cl2] and [M(LL)Cl2], were performed and the respective chemical shifts (delta1H, delta13C, delta15N) reported. 1H coordination shifts of various signs and magnitudes (Delta1Hcoord=delta1Hcomplex-delta1Hligand) are discussed in relation to the changes of diamagnetic contribution to the relevant 1H shielding constants. The comparison to the literature data for similar complexes containing auxiliary ligands other than chlorides exhibited a large dependence of delta1H parameters on electron density variations and ring-current effects (inductive and anisotropic phenomena). The influence of deviations from planarity, concerning either MN2Cl2 chromophores or azine ring systems, revealed by the known X-ray structures of [Pd(bquin)Cl2] and [Pt(bquin)Cl2], is discussed in respect to 1H NMR spectra. 15N coordination shifts (Delta15Ncoord=delta15Ncomplex-delta15Nligand) of ca. 78-100 ppm (to lower frequency) are attributed mainly to the decrease of the absolute value of paramagnetic contribution in the relevant 15N shielding constants, this phenomenon being noticeably dependent on the type of a platinide metal and coordination sphere geometry. The absolute magnitude of Delta15Ncoord parameter increased by ca 15 ppm upon Pd(II)-->Pt(II) replacement but decreased by ca. 15 ppm following trans-->cis transition. Experimental 1H, 13C, 15N NMR chemical shifts are compared to those quantum-chemically calculated by B3LYP/LanL2DZ+6-31G**//B3LYP/LanL2DZ+6-31G*, both in vacuo and in CHCl3 or DMF solution.

1H, 13C and 15N NMR coordination shifts in gold(III), cobalt(III), rhodium(III) chloride complexes with pyridine, 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline.

Au(III), Co(III) and Rh(III) chloride complexes with pyridine (py), 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) of the general formulae [M1LCl3], trans-[M2L4Cl2]+, mer-[M2L3Cl3], [M1(LL)Cl2]+, cis-[M2(LL)2Cl2]+, where M1=Au; M2=Co, Rh; L=py; LL=bpy, phen, were studied by 1H--13C HMBC and 1H--15N HMQC/HSQC. The 1H, 13C and 15N coordination shifts (the latter from ca-78 to ca-107 ppm) are discussed in relation to the type of metal, electron configuration, coordination sphere geometry and the type of ligand. The 13C and 15N chemical shifts were also calculated by quantum-chemical NMR methods, which reproduced well the experimental tendencies concerning the coordination sphere geometry and the ligand type.

Experimental and quantum-chemical studies of 15N NMR coordination shifts in palladium and platinum chloride complexes with pyridine, 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline.

A series of Pd and Pt chloride complexes with pyridine (py), 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), of general formulae trans-/cis-[M(py)2Cl2], [M(py)4]Cl2, trans-/cis-[M(py)2Cl4], [M(bpy)Cl2], [M(bpy)Cl4], [M(phen)Cl2], [M(phen)Cl4], where M = Pd, Pt, was studied by 1H, 195Pt, and 15N NMR. The 90-140 ppm low-frequency 15N coordination shifts are discussed in terms of such structural features of the complexes as the type of platinide metal, oxidation state, coordination sphere geometry and the type of ligand. The results of quantum-chemical NMR calculations were compared with the experimental 15N coordination shifts, well reproducing their magnitude and correlation with the molecular structure.