(Fern flora of Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: Dennstaedtiaceae, Lindsaeaceae and Saccolomataceae / Flora de samambaias de Viçosa, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil: Dennstaedtiaceae, Lindsaeaceae and Saccolomataceae

As part of an ongoing project treating the ferns and lycophytes from the region of Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, we here present the taxonomic treatment of the early divergent lineages of the leptosporangiate ferns: the families Dennstaedtiaceae, Lindsaeaceae and Saccolomataceae. We have been sampling the remnant forest patches since 2012; we also fully reviewed the collection of herbarium VIC and other online collections: F, IAN, NY, PH, RB, U, UC, UPCB, US, and WTU. In the region of Viçosa, six taxa belonging to those families occur Dennstaedtia cicutaria and Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum (Dennstaedtiaceae); Lindsaea lancea var. lancea, L. quadrangularis subsp. quadrangularis, and L. stricta var. stricta (Lindsaeaceae); and Saccoloma elegans (Saccolomataceae). Among these taxa, only L. quadrangularis subsp. quadrangularis and S. elegans are endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest; the remaining are widespread in the Neotropics. We present keys, descriptions, illustrations, examined specimens, and comments.

Como parte de um projeto em andamento sobre samambaias e licófitas da região de Viçosa, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, o tratamento taxonômico das primeiras linhagens divergentes de samambaias leptosporangiadas: as famílias Dennstaedtiaceae, Lindsaeaceae e Saccolomataceae são apresentadas. Expedições de campo foram realizadas desde 2012 em remanescentes florestais da região. Também foi realizada uma revisão completa da coleção do herbário VIC, cuja data de início é 1930, bem como de outras coleções online de herbários: F, IAN, NY, PH, RB, U, UC, UPCB, US, and WTU. Na região de Viçosa, existem seis táxons pertencentes a essas famílias: Dennstaedtia cicutaria e Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum (Dennstaedtiaceae); Lindsaea lancea var. lancea, L. quadrangularis subsp. quadrangularis e L. stricta var. stricta (Lindsaeaceae); e Saccoloma elegans (Saccolomataceae). Dentre esses táxons, apenas L. quadrangularis subsp. quadrangularis e S. elegans são endêmicos da Mata Atlântica brasileira; as demais estão amplamente distribuídas na região Neotropical. São apresentadas chaves, descrições, ilustrações, materiais examinados e comentários.

On-site hydrolytic enzymes production from fungal co-cultivation of Bermuda grass and corn cob.

Solid state fermentation (SSF) is used to produce industrial enzymes. The objective of this study was to use a co-culture of Aspergillus niger GS1 and Trichoderma reesei, grown on a mixture of Bermuda grass and corn cob to obtain fermented forage (FF) rich in hydrolytic enzymes, as a value added ingredient for animal feed. FPase, amylase and xylanase productivities (dry matter, DM) were 8.8, 181.4, and 42.1Ug(-1)h(-1), respectively (1U=reducing sugars released min(-1)), after 12-16h of SSF with C/N=60. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin decreased 1.6-, 2.7- and 1.9-fold (DM), respectively. In vitro ruminal and true digestibility of DM was improved 2.4- and 1.4-fold. Ruminal digestion of FF reduced 1.32-fold the acetate:propionate ratio, which may reduce the environmental impact of ruminants feeding. On-site hydrolytic enzymes productivity using SSF without enzymes extraction could be of economic potential for digestibility improvement in animal feed.

Human papillomavirus infection in oral squamous cell carcinomas from Chilean patients.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causal agent of cervical, anogenital and a subset of oropharyngeal carcinomas. In addition, the role of HPV in oral carcinogenesis has been suggested, although the findings are inconclusive. In this study, using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genotyping by specific PCR and DNA sequencing, we analyzed the HPV presence in 80 oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) from Chilean subjects. In addition, we determined the expression of p16, p53, pRb and Ki-67 using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The CDKN2A (p16) promoter methylation was evaluated using methylation-specific PCR (MSP). HPV sequences were found in 9/80 (11%) OSCCs. Non-statistically significant association with p53, pRb, Ki-67 and p16 levels were found (p=0.77; 0.29; 0.83; 0.21, respectively). HPV-16 and 18 were the most prevalent HPV genotypes in 8/9 (89%) OSCCs. In addition, CDKN2A (p16) was methylated in 39% of OSCCs. No association with HPV presence (p=0.917) was found. These results suggest that HPV positive OSCCs are entities that do not resemble the molecular alterations of HPV-associated tumors in a Chilean population. More studies are warranted to determine the role of HPV in OSCCs.

Tobacco smoke activates human papillomavirus 16 p97 promoter and cooperates with high-risk E6/E7 for oxidative DNA damage in lung cells.

We have previously shown a functional interaction between human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E6 and E7 oncoproteins and cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) in lung cells suggesting cooperation during carcinogenesis. The molecular mechanisms of such interaction, however, remain to be elucidated. Here we first present evidence showing that cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) has the ability to activate the HPV-16 p97 promoter by acting on the long control region (LCR) in lung epithelial cells. Interestingly, we observed that CSC-induced p97 promoter activation occurs in a dose-dependent manner in both tumor A-549 (lung adenocarcinoma), H-2170 (bronchial carcinoma), SiHa or Hela (cervical carcinoma) cells but not in non-tumor BEAS-2B (bronchial) or NL-20 (alveolar) lung cells unless they ectopically expressed the HPV-16 E6 and E7 oncogenes. In addition, we also observed a significant increase of primary DNA damage in tumor and non-tumor CSC-treated lung cells expressing HPV-16 E6 and E7 oncogenes suggesting a cooperative effect in this process, even though the contribution of E7 was significantly higher. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that tobacco smoke is able to induce the activation of the HPV-16 p97 promoter in cooperation with HPV-16 E6 and E7 oncogenes that, in turn, sensitize lung cells to tobacco smoke-induced DNA damage.

Multimedia de apoyo a la docencia de Historia de la Medicina en Cuba durante la Colonia / Supplementary Multimedia for the teaching of the History of Medicine in Colonial Cuba

Introducción: se realizó una investigación sobre el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la asignatura Historia de Cuba I que se imparte en el tercer semestre del currículo de Medicina, y se identificó la carencia de materiales que facilitaran el estudio de la Historia de la Medicina en la Colonia. Objetivo: elaborar la multimedia Aproximación a la Historia de la Medicina en Cuba. La Colonia para contribuir al perfeccionamiento del referido proceso en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Julio Trigo a partir del curso 2012-2013. Material y Métodos: se sistematizaron los antecedentes, fundamentos teóricos y estado actual del objeto de investigación y se realizó la concepción, diseño, implementación y prueba piloto del producto; para ello se utilizaron los métodos teóricos de análisis-síntesis, enfoque sistémico, modelación e histórico-lógico y a nivel empírico la revisión documental y encuesta. La población estuvo compuesta por 3 profesores de la asignatura y 42 estudiantes de segundo año de Medicina en el curso e institución mencionados.Resultados: la multimedia contiene artículos publicados sobre el tema, conferencias sobre el desarrollo de la salud pública en la Colonia; documentos acerca del origen y desarrollo de la educación médica en Cuba en ese período, textos que evidencian el pensamiento martiano sobre la medicina, biografías, imágenes y una cronología.Conclusiones: el producto eleva la calidad de la docencia y facilita el estudio de los contenidos correspondientes(AU)

Introduction: research was conducted on the teaching-learning process of the History of Cuba I, teaching during the third semester of the medical curriculum. The lack of materials facilitating the study of the history of medicine in colonial Cuba was identified. Objective: to make the multimedia Approach to the History of Medicine in Cuba: Colonial times to contribute to the improvement of the mentioned process in Julio Trigo Medical Faculty since the academic year 2012-2013. Material and Methods: antecedents, theoretical background and the current state of the research object were systematized. Then conception, design, implementation and piloting of the product were carried out. Research methods included analysis-synthesis, systemic approach, modeling and historical-logical at the theoretical level. Empirically, literature review and poll were used. The population accounted for three history teachers and 42 medical student of the second year of medicine in the school year and medical school mentioned before. Results: the software contains published articles about the topic, lectures about the development of public health in colonial times, documents on the origin and development of medical training in that period, texts about Marti's ideas about medicine, biographies, images and a chronology. Conclusions: the product enhances the quality of teaching and facilitates the study of the corresponding contents(AU)

Reseña II Jornada de Historia de la Enfermería. Jueves 8 de mayo de 2014. Teatro de la Facultad de Enfermería Lidia Doce Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana / Report of the Second Forum of nursing´ history. Thursday May 8, 2014. Lidia Doce Nursing School Main Hall. Havana University of Medical Sciences

Se describe lo acontecido en la II Jornada de Historia de la Enfermería, realizada por el Centro de Estudios Humanísticos en el teatro de la Facultad de Enfermería Lidia Doce de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, como parte del evento integrador Cuidar Conciencia 2014. Durante la Jornada se expusieron trabajos científicos relacionados con la Historia de la profesión de Enfermería, como parte de la celebración por el Día Internacional de la Enfermera(AU)

It is describe what happened at the Second Forum of nursing ´history organized by the Center of Humanities Studies and held at the Main Hall of Lidia Doce Nursing School, Havana University of Medical Sciences like part of the integrative conference "Caring Conscience 2014". During the Forum, academic papers related to the history of nursing were presented. This event was part of the celebration of the Nurses' Day(AU)

Reseña II Jornada de Historia de la Enfermería. Jueves 8 de mayo de 2014. Teatro de la Facultad de Enfermería Lidia Doce Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana / Report of the Second Forum of nursing´ history. Thursday May 8, 2014. Lidia Doce Nursing School Main Hall. Havana University of Medical Sciences

Se describe lo acontecido en la II Jornada de Historia de la Enfermería, realizada por el Centro de Estudios Humanísticos en el teatro de la Facultad de Enfermería Lidia Doce de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, como parte del evento integrador Cuidar Conciencia 2014. Durante la Jornada se expusieron trabajos científicos relacionados con la Historia de la profesión de Enfermería, como parte de la celebración por el Día Internacional de la Enfermera.

It is describe what happened at the Second Forum of nursing ´history organized by the Center of Humanities Studies and held at the Main Hall of Lidia Doce Nursing School, Havana University of Medical Sciences like part of the integrative conference "Caring Conscience 2014". During the Forum, academic papers related to the history of nursing were presented. This event was part of the celebration of the Nurses' Day.

Dr. Eliecer Encinosa García-Espinosa. Una vida dedicada al servicio médico revolucionario cubano / Dr. Eliecer Encinosa García-Espinosa. A life devoted to the cuban revolutionary medical service

Se le rinde homenaje al doctor Eliecer Encinosa García-Espinosa en ocasión de haber cumplido recientemente, en el mes de septiembre, 96 años de vida y más de 60 dedicados al Servicio Médico Asistencial en Cuba. El artículo pretende rendir tributo a su trayectoria profesional y política. Se destacan aspectos relacionados con su origen familiar, estudios básicos y universitarios, labor administrativa, política y asistencial, así como elementos relacionados con tareas y misiones venidas del gobierno revolucionario y la dirección de la Salud Pública cubanos, recogidos a través de entrevistas como método fundamental, realizada al propio doctor y sus compañeros de trabajo, y de su expediente profesional como fuente documental. Es interés de los autores divulgar la vida y obra de este hombre revolucionario, ejemplar trabajador y consagrado médico cubano, para que estudiantes, profesores y trabajadores del sector conozcan su meritoria trayectoria como médico, dedicado por entero a su profesión y a las tareas transformadoras del proceso revolucionario en Cuba, del cual fue protagonista(AU)

Homage is paid to Eliecer Encinosa García-Espinosa, MD for his recent 96th birthday, last September, and also for more than 60 years of medical health care in Cuba. This article intends to be a tribute to his professional career and his political life. Aspects related to his family origin, basic and university studies, his managerial, political and medical work, as well as elements connected with the fulfilment of taks and missions assigned by the revolutionary government and the management of the Cuban public health are highlighted. The main method to gather the information was the interview to Dr Encinosa and to his co-workers. Data was also collected from his professional records as document source. It is the authors' interest to make the life and work of this revolutionary, exemplary worker and dedicated Cuban physician known to students, trainers and workers in the health system, so that they are aware of his career of merits, a life fully devoted to health care and to the transforming tasks of the Cuban revolutionary process, in which he was leading(AU)

Dr. Eliecer Encinosa García-Espinosa. Una vida dedicada al servicio médico revolucionario cubano / Dr. Eliecer Encinosa García-Espinosa. A life devoted to the cuban revolutionary medical service

Se le rinde homenaje al doctor Eliecer Encinosa García-Espinosa en ocasión de haber cumplido recientemente, en el mes de septiembre, 96 años de vida y más de 60 dedicados al Servicio Médico Asistencial en Cuba. El artículo pretende rendir tributo a su trayectoria profesional y política. Se destacan aspectos relacionados con su origen familiar, estudios básicos y universitarios, labor administrativa, política y asistencial, así como elementos relacionados con tareas y misiones venidas del gobierno revolucionario y la dirección de la Salud Pública cubanos, recogidos a través de entrevistas como método fundamental, realizada al propio doctor y sus compañeros de trabajo, y de su expediente profesional como fuente documental. Es interés de los autores divulgar la vida y obra de este hombre revolucionario, ejemplar trabajador y consagrado médico cubano, para que estudiantes, profesores y trabajadores del sector conozcan su meritoria trayectoria como médico, dedicado por entero a su profesión y a las tareas transformadoras del proceso revolucionario en Cuba, del cual fue protagonista.

Homage is paid to Eliecer Encinosa García-Espinosa, MD for his recent 96th birthday, last September, and also for more than 60 years of medical health care in Cuba. This article intends to be a tribute to his professional career and his political life. Aspects related to his family origin, basic and university studies, his managerial, political and medical work, as well as elements connected with the fulfilment of taks and missions assigned by the revolutionary government and the management of the Cuban public health are highlighted. The main method to gather the information was the interview to Dr Encinosa and to his co-workers. Data was also collected from his professional records as document source. It is the authors' interest to make the life and work of this revolutionary, exemplary worker and dedicated Cuban physician known to students, trainers and workers in the health system, so that they are aware of his career of merits, a life fully devoted to health care and to the transforming tasks of the Cuban revolutionary process, in which he was leading.

Dra. Ana Larralde Pineda. Primera mujer especialista en cirugía maxilofacial en Cuba / Ana Larralde Pineda. The first female surgeon specialized in maxillofacial surgery in Cuba

Introducción: En ocasión de cumplirse próximamente, en el mes de mayo, 50 años de la creación de la Cirugía Maxilofacial en Cuba como especialidad, se le rinde tributo a la doctora Ana Larralde Pineda, primera mujer especialista en esta ciencia quirúrgica.Objetivo: El artículo pretende homenajear su trayectoria académica, científica y política. Método: Se destacan aspectos relacionados con su origen familiar, los estudios básicos y universitarios, labor docente y asistencial, así como elementos relacionados con su especialidad, labor científica, misiones internacionalistas y reconocimientos recibidos, entre otros; recogidos a través de las entrevistas a familiares y compañeros de trabajo como método fundamental, y tomados de su expediente profesional. Conclusiones: Es interés de los autores divulgar la vida y la obra de esta revolucionaria mujer, ejemplar profesora y consagrada cirujana maxilofacial para que estudiantes, profesores y trabajadores del sector conozcan su meritorio desempeño(AU)

Introduction: Since the 50th anniversary of the setting up of maxillofacial surgery as a medical specialization in Cuba will be celebrated next May, a tribute shall be paid to Ana Larralde Pineda, the first female specialist in maxillofacial surgery. Objective:This article intends to acknowledge her academic, scientific and political career. Method: Several aspects related to her family background, basic and university studies, her teaching and attending work as a specialist, as well as her scientific contributions, internationalist missions and obtained awards are described. The information was gathered mainly by means of interviews to relatives and work mates, and by document review of her professional file. Conclusions:The authors are interested in introducing the life and work of this revolutionary woman, model teacher and devoted maxillofacial surgeon so that students, teachers and workers of the health sector get to know her praiseworthy career(AU)

Dra. Ana Larralde Pineda. Primera mujer especialista en cirugía maxilofacial en Cuba / Ana Larralde Pineda. The first female surgeon specialized in maxillofacial surgery in Cuba

Introducción: En ocasión de cumplirse próximamente, en el mes de mayo, 50 años de la creación de la Cirugía Maxilofacial en Cuba como especialidad, se le rinde tributo a la doctora Ana Larralde Pineda, primera mujer especialista en esta ciencia quirúrgica. Objetivo: El artículo pretende homenajear su trayectoria académica, científica y política. Método: Se destacan aspectos relacionados con su origen familiar, los estudios básicos y universitarios, labor docente y asistencial, así como elementos relacionados con su especialidad, labor científica, misiones internacionalistas y reconocimientos recibidos, entre otros; recogidos a través de las entrevistas a familiares y compañeros de trabajo como método fundamental, y tomados de su expediente profesional. Conclusiones: Es interés de los autores divulgar la vida y la obra de esta revolucionaria mujer, ejemplar profesora y consagrada cirujana maxilofacial para que estudiantes, profesores y trabajadores del sector conozcan su meritorio desempeño.

Introduction: Since the 50th anniversary of the setting up of maxillofacial surgery as a medical specialization in Cuba will be celebrated next May, a tribute shall be paid to Ana Larralde Pineda, the first female specialist in maxillofacial surgery. Objective:This article intends to acknowledge her academic, scientific and political career. Method: Several aspects related to her family background, basic and university studies, her teaching and attending work as a specialist, as well as her scientific contributions, internationalist missions and obtained awards are described. The information was gathered mainly by means of interviews to relatives and work mates, and by document review of her professional file. Conclusions:The authors are interested in introducing the life and work of this revolutionary woman, model teacher and devoted maxillofacial surgeon so that students, teachers and workers of the health sector get to know her praiseworthy career.

Aproximación a la historia de la medicina en Cuba 1899-1925 / An approach to the history of the medicine in Cuba 1899-1925

Como resultado de una revisión bibliográfica realizada con el objetivo de resaltar los hitos más importantes que influyeron y marcaron el desarrollo de la Historia de la Medicina en el período que abarca, desde la primera ocupación militar de los Estados Unidos, en la Isla de Cuba, en enero de 1899 hasta 1925, se hace una síntesis de los momentos trascendentales de la organización de la salud pública y su evolución en estos años. Se enfatiza en las primeras medidas higiénico-sanitarias adoptadas por el mando militar estadounidense, su implementación y continuidad en la República, así como la mejoría de las condiciones ambientales y epidemiológicas del país. Se hace mención al desarrollo de las especialidades médicas y los estudios de enfermería, así como los avances en la docencia, la investigación y la incorporación del uso de las técnicas de la época para los diagnósticos clínicos. Se hace referencia a las personalidades más significativas y sus aportes al desarrollo de la Medicina y la salud pública de la nación dentro de esta etapa.

The most important events that influenced and marked the development of the history of medicine in the period that goes from the first U.S military occupation of Cuba in January, 1889 up to 1925 as well as the most significant moments of the organization of public health and its evolution in all these years are synthesized through this bibliographic review. It has been emphasized about the first hygienic-sanitary measures adopted by the American military command, their implementation and continuity in the republic as well as the improvement of the environmental and epidemiological conditions in the country. It is mentioned the development of the medical specialities and the nursing training and the advances in teaching and research. The inclusions of the existing techniques for clinical diagnosis at that time are also explained. There are references to the most outstanding personalities and their contribution to the progress of medicine and public health in Cuba.

Reconocimiento a la vida y obra del Profesor Dr C Julio Noel González Jiménez autor del primer trasplante de corazón en Cuba / Acknowledge professor and Doctor Julio Noel González Jiménez's life and work as the first performer of a heart transplant in Cuba

La Profesora Amaro dió lectura a una síntesis biográfica del Profesor Consultante DrC. Julio Noel González Jiménez, destacando que no habían pasado aún 20 años de aquel 3 de diciembre de 1967, en que, en un hospital de Sudáfrica, un cirujano nombrado Christian Neethling Barnard, increíblemente había cambiado la Historia de la Medicina, al realizar el primer trasplante de corazón, cuando, en noviembre de 1984, se creaba el Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular en el Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras, bajo la dirección del Profesor Noel González. Un año más tarde, el 9 de diciembre de 1985, la prensa nacional e internacional daba a conocer a Cuba y el mundo que se acababa de realizar un trasplante de corazón al obrero Jorge Hernández Ocaña, de 31 años de edad, quien tenía diagnóstico de Cardiopatía Isquémica Dilatada en fase terminal, lo que lo convertiría en el primer cubano que recibía un corazón de otro ser humano, gracias a la competencia del cirujano cardiovascular, Dr. Noel González Jiménez. Con visible emoción, finalizó resaltando los méritos profesionales y científicos del Profesor, y su contribución personal al desarrollo de las Ciencias Médicas, la Educación Médica y la Salud Pública cubanas y a la consolidación de la obra de la Revolución...

Aproximación a la historia de la medicina en Cuba 1899-1925 / An approach to the history of the medicine in Cuba 1899-1925

Como resultado de una revisión bibliográfica realizada con el objetivo de resaltar los hitos más importantes que influyeron y marcaron el desarrollo de la Historia de la Medicina en el período que abarca, desde la primera ocupación militar de los Estados Unidos, en la Isla de Cuba, en enero de 1899 hasta 1925, se hace una síntesis de los momentos trascendentales de la organización de la salud pública y su evolución en estos años. Se enfatiza en las primeras medidas higiénico-sanitarias adoptadas por el mando militar estadounidense, su implementación y continuidad en la República, así como la mejoría de las condiciones ambientales y epidemiológicas del país. Se hace mención al desarrollo de las especialidades médicas y los estudios de enfermería, así como los avances en la docencia, la investigación y la incorporación del uso de las técnicas de la época para los diagnósticos clínicos. Se hace referencia a las personalidades más significativas y sus aportes al desarrollo de la Medicina y la salud pública de la nación dentro de esta etapa(AU)

The most important events that influenced and marked the development of the history of medicine in the period that goes from the first U.S military occupation of Cuba in January, 1889 up to 1925 as well as the most significant moments of the organization of public health and its evolution in all these years are synthesized through this bibliographic review. It has been emphasized about the first hygienic-sanitary measures adopted by the American military command, their implementation and continuity in the republic as well as the improvement of the environmental and epidemiological conditions in the country. It is mentioned the development of the medical specialities and the nursing training and the advances in teaching and research. The inclusions of the existing techniques for clinical diagnosis at that time are also explained. There are references to the most outstanding personalities and their contribution to the progress of medicine and public health in Cuba(AU)

Aproximación a la historia de la medicina en Cuba: la colonia / Approach to the history of medicine in Cuba: The colony

Como resultado de una revisión bibliográfica realizada con el objetivo de resaltar los hitos más importantes que influyeron en el desarrollo de la Medicina en la etapa colonial, desde su inicio hasta la primera intervención del ejército de EE.UU., en 1899, se hace una síntesis de los momentos trascendentales de la organización de la salud pública en el período. Se enfatiza en las primeras medidas higiénico-sanitarias adoptadas y su implementación en diferentes fases; el inicio de la enseñanza de la Medicina y su posterior evolución; la fundación de los primeros centros docentes en el país, y el apoyo y promoción de sociedades económicas e instituciones científicas que brindaron un impulso al desarrollo de la ciencia, en general, y la Medicina, en particular. Asimismo, se hace referencia a las personalidades más significativas de aquel entonces, quienes por su acervo cultural médico, su ejemplo personal y sus aportes a las diferentes especialidades, constituyen referentes obligados y paradigmáticos de las Ciencias Médicas en Cuba(AU)

A literature review was carried out aining at highlighting the most important landmarks that influenced on the development of medicine in the colonial stage, from the beginning up to the first US Army intervention in 1899. A synthesis of the relevant moments of the organization of the public health in the period was made, with emphasis on the first adopted hygienic-sanitary measures and their implementation in the different phases; on the beginning of medical training and their later evolution; on the foundation of the first educational centers in the country and on the support and promotion given by economic societies and scientific institutions which offered an impulse to the development of science in general and of medicine in particular. A reference is also made to the most significant personalities at that time, who due to their for cultural and medical knowledge, their personal example and their contributions to the different specialties, constitute forced referents and paradigms of healthcare sciences in Cuba(AU)

Aproximación a la historia de la medicina en Cuba: la colonia / Approach to the history of medicine in Cuba: the colony

Como resultado de una revisión bibliográfica realizada con el objetivo de resaltar los hitos más importantes que influyeron en el desarrollo de la Medicina en la etapa colonial, desde su inicio hasta la primera intervención del ejército de EE.UU., en 1899, se hace una síntesis de los momentos trascendentales de la organización de la salud pública en el período. Se enfatiza en las primeras medidas higiénico-sanitarias adoptadas y su implementación en diferentes fases; el inicio de la enseñanza de la Medicina y su posterior evolución; la fundación de los primeros centros docentes en el país, y el apoyo y promoción de sociedades económicas e instituciones científicas que brindaron un impulso al desarrollo de la ciencia, en general, y la Medicina, en particular. Asimismo, se hace referencia a las personalidades más significativas de aquel entonces, quienes por su acervo cultural médico, su ejemplo personal y sus aportes a las diferentes especialidades, constituyen referentes obligados y paradigmáticos de las Ciencias Médicas en Cuba(AU)

A literature review was carried out aining at highlighting the most important landmarks that influenced on the development of medicine in the colonial stage, from the beginning up to the first US Army intervention in 1899. A synthesis of the relevant moments of the organization of the public health in the period was made, with emphasis on the first adopted hygienic-sanitary measures and their implementation in the different phases; on the beginning of medical training and their later evolution; on the foundation of the first educational centers in the country and on the support and promotion given by economic societies and scientific institutions which offered an impulse to the development of science in general and of medicine in particular. A reference is also made to the most significant personalities at that time, who due to their for cultural and medical knowledge, their personal example and their contributions to the different specialties, constitute forced referents and paradigms of healthcare sciences in Cuba(AU)

CHE, PARADIGMA DEL MÉDICO REVOLUCIONARIO: Che, a paradigm of a revolutionary doctor Vigencia del pensamiento médico-social del Dr. Ernesto Guevara de la Serna

Ernesto Guevara-internationally known as Che- has been immortalized in history pages as the collaborator warrior, capable of fighting for freedom and independence of the Third World population. In Cuba, is created a directive medical organization called MINSAP. Since then, there is an active popular participation in prevention and health education in general: Vaccination Campaigns and Hygienic and Sanitary. The rural medical service is created in 1960 and the Policlinics were institutionalized (1964). Firstly, to develop curative actions which granted a free health access and also geographically accessible; in 1974 it is created the Comunitary Policlinic which has given an integral attention to population. In a speech, Che referred to other ideas such as: “accustom all health professionals towards the responsibilities of social medicine” The family doctor’s and nurse’s program of work has an objective to improve the health status of the population by integral actions directed to the individual, the family , the community and the environment, in close correlation with masses of population having in consideration the doctor-nurse-patient relationship, the humanism sensitivity and love to the rest. Undoubtedly, Che’s ideas about social medicine, acquire an extraordinary dimension due to their update in the formation of new generations of health professionals and in the conception of Public Health in our country.

Vigencia del pensamiento médico-social del Dr. Ernesto Guevara de la Serna / Che, a paradigm of a revolutionary doctor

Ernesto Guevara - conocido internacionalmente como el Che- ha sido inmortalizado en las páginas de la historia como el solidario guerrillero, capaz de luchar por la libertad y la independencia de pueblos del tercer mundo. En Cuba, el Che desarrolló una gigantesca labor en muchos frentes. El pueblo cubano lo identifica como el Comandante guerrillero de innegable valor, el político sagaz, el incansable Ministro y el economista reflexivo; Su pensamiento sobre la Medicina Social ha sido poco divulgado y solamente estudiado a profundidad por algunos investigadores e historiadores; pero su pensamiento sobre la medicina social ha sido poco divulgado y solamente estudiado a profundidad por algunos investigadores e historiadores.La extraordinaria e incalculable proyección social revolucionaria del Che, parte de su propia formación médica y de la experiencia que adquirió en sus viajes por distintos países de Latinoamérica. Constató las precarias condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de los habitantes de estos lugares, y se convenció de la importancia de la medicina social para cambiar esas condiciones; pero también comprendió que para ello era necesario que existiera una voluntad política por parte de los gobiernos adversos.En 1959, al triunfo de la Revolución Cubana, a pesar de las múltiples responsabilidades que le fueron encomendadas, por la máxima dirección de la misma, da a conocer sus ideas acerca de la medicina social con una profunda proyección humanista. Visita, el 13 de enero de 1960, junto al Comandante Oscar Fernández Mell, el Colegio Médico, donde se le declaró Médico Cubano Honorario

Ernesto Guevara-internationally known as Che- has been immortalized in history pages as the collaborator warrior, capable of fighting for freedom and independence of the Third World population.In Cuba, is created a directive medical organization called MINSAP. Since then, there is an active popular participation in prevention and health education in general: Vaccination Campaigns and Hygienic and Sanitary. The rural medical service is created in 1960 and the Policlinics were institutionalized (1964). Firstly, to develop curative actions which granted a free health access and also geographically accessible; in 1974 it is created the Comunitary Policlinic which has given an integral attention to population.In a speech, Che referred to other ideas such as: accustom all health professionals towards the responsibilities of social medicine The family doctors and nurses program of work has an objective to improve the health status of the population by integral actions directed to the individual, the family , the community and the environment, in close correlation with masses of population having in consideration the doctor-nurse-patient relationship, the humanism sensitivity and love to the rest.Undoubtedly, Ches ideas about social medicine, acquire an extraordinary dimension due to their update in the formation of new generations of health professionals and in the conception of Public Health in our country(AU)