Validity and reliability of different smartphones applications to measure HRV during short and ultra-short measurements in elite athletes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Heart rate variability (HRV) has been proposed as a useful marker that can show the performance adaptation and optimize the training process in elite athletes. The development of wearable technology permits the measurement of this marker through smartphone applications. The purpose of this study is to assess the validity and reliability of short and ultra-short HRV measurements in elite cyclists using different smartphone applications. METHOD: Twenty-six professional cyclists were measured at rest in supine and in seated positions through the simultaneous use of an electrocardiogram and two different smartphone applications that implement different technologies to measure HRV: Elite HRV (with a chest strap) and Welltory (photoplethysmography). Level of significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Compared to an electrocardiogram, Elite HRV and Welltory showed no differences neither in supine nor in seated positions (p > 0.05) and they showed very strong to almost perfect correlation levels (r = 0.77 to 0.94). Furthermore, no differences were found between short (5 min) and ultra-short (1 min) length measurements. Intraclass correlation coefficient showed good to excellent reliability and the standard error of measurement remained lower than 6%. CONCLUSION: Both smartphone applications can be implemented to monitor HRV using short- and ultra-short length measurements in elite endurance athletes.

Relative age-related differences between different competitive levels and field positions in young soccer players.

The aims of this study were to report the relative age effect in different competitive levels and field positions and to analyse the differences within and between different competitive levels and field positions. Data for 203 young soccer players (14.2 ± 1.1 years) included anthropometrics and physical performance (Countermovement jump [CMJ], 30-m sprint, T-test and Yo-Yo IR1). Their competitive level and their field position were registered. The percentage of relative older players (1stHY) was higher in the better competitive levels (L1: 80.6%, p <.001; L2: 68.2%, p <.001 and L3: 58.5%, p <.01), but it was similar between field positions (DF: 68.1%, p <.001; MF: 69.6%, p <.001 and FW: 67.2%, p <.001). Anthropometrical and physical performance differences were found between players of different competitive levels but not between relative older and younger players in each competitive level and field position. The relative age effect is higher in the better competitive levels. Anthropometrical and physical performance differences between players are not due to the relative age but to the level of competition. Relatively older players do not seem to be more likely to be selected for specific field positions. The causes of relative age effect need more research.

Use of Integra in oral reconstruction: a case series.

OBJECTIVE: Small intraoral defects are usually reconstructed using skin autografts. However, the goal of this research was to describe an alternative to classic techniques using artificial dermis (Integra) in the reconstruction of these types of injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four patients with small intraoral lesions in different locations underwent resection. The created defects were covered with a bilayer of Integra; then, a chlorhexidine stent cure (Laboratorios Salvat, Barcelona, Spain) was applied. The patients were followed up daily during the first week to detect any signs of infection, dehiscence, or loss of the lamina. Thereafter, they were followed up once a week for 1 month. RESULTS: None of the patients presented with infections or loss of the dermis. When the silicon sheet was detached, granulation tissue was detected, with complete re-epithelialization of the lesion in the postoperative weeks 3 to 4. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the Integra allowed for the rapid reconstruction of slight intraoral defects while preventing the morbidity associated with classic techniques. In this study, no complications were observed.

Histiocitosis de células de Langerhans con implicación oral. A propósito de un caso / Langerhans cell histiocytosis with oral implication. A case report

La proliferación desordenada de histiocitos muy similares a células de Langerhans da lugar a un tipo de patología que se conoce como histiocitosis de células de Langerhans. La histiocitosis de células de Langerhans es una enfermedad rara, poco frecuente, de etiología no muy clara y que se caracteriza por manifestaciones de variable presentación: desde una afectación de varios órganos o sistemas y con una mortalidad muy elevada, hasta una lesión única, bien sea con compromiso óseo o con patología pulmonar, de favorable evolución, incluso hasta la regresión espontánea. Es frecuente que exista sólo patología oral o que ésta acompañe al resto de la sintomatología general. A nivel bucal, puede presentar lesiones óseas líticas en un único o en varios puntos; se pueden ver, así mismo, fracturas patológicas de la mandíbula, dolor, úlceras bucales, compromiso periodontal con bolsas periodontales marcadas, acusada movilidad de piezas dentales con pérdida prematura de dientes, erupción precoz de dientes, etc (AU)

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by disorganized proliferation of histiocytes similar to Langerhans cells. Variable clinical manifestations are observed in this entity: from acute multisistemic disease, associated with high mortality, to bone or lung lesions of favorable prognosis. Oral involvement may be present with or without other clinical signs. Osteolytic bone lesions, isolated or multiple areas of the maxilla, pathological mandibular fractures, pain, eritematous ulcerations, periodontal disease that may lead to periodontal deep pockets and alveolar bone loss, dental mobility, premature tooth eruption and premature dental loss may exist as oral manifestations of the disease (AU)

Cultivo in vitro con colágeno y fibroblastos humanos de un equivalente de mucosa oral de espesor total / In vitro culture with collagen and human fibroblasts of a full-thickness oral mucosa equivalent

Objetivos. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo obtener, mediantecultivo in vitro, láminas de tejido oral en las que se pueda identificar lasestructuras de una mucosa oral completa. La aplicación clínica del presenteestudio permitiría, en determinados casos, la sustitución del empleo de injertoslibres de piel o autólogos de mucosa oral por esta técnica. Material y Método.A partir de pequeñas biopsias de mucosa oral se hicieron cultivos primariosde queratinocitos. A partir de estos cultivos primarios se realizaron cultivossecundarios sobre una submucosa artificial constituida por colágeno y fibroblastoshumanos. Se analizaron histológicamente sus características in vitro, yulteriormente se procedió a la realización de injertos en ratones atímicospara conocer su comportamiento in vivo. Resultados. Los cultivos primariosfueron confluentes en un plazo mínimo de 10 días y máximo de 12 días, periodosimilar al observado para la confluencia de los cultivos secundarios. El tiempotranscurrido desde la toma de la muestra hasta la obtención de una mucosaartificial completa osciló entre los 20 y los 22 días, mostrando las característicashistológicas de una mucosa normal. Tras 17 días de injerto en ratonesinmunoincompetentes, sin ningún tipo de contingencia clínica, la caracterizaciónhistológica e inmunohistoquímica (citoqueratinas 13 y 19, colágenoIV y laminina) confirmó la similitud de la mucosa in vitro con la mucosa oralsana. Conclusión. Es posible mediante técnicas de cultivo in vitro la obtenciónde un equivalente de mucosa oral completa con colágeno y fibroblastos. Sibien esta mucosa muestra un importante grado de retracción, su manejo clínicoes muy favorable(AU)

Objectives. The objective of this study was to obtain,by in vitro culture, sheets of oral tissue in which complete oral mucosastructures can be identified. Clinical application of the findings ofthis study will allow the replacement of free skin grafts or autologousoral mucosa grafts by this technique in certain cases.Material and Method. Primary keratinocyte cultures were preparedfrom small biopsy samples of oral mucosa. Secondary cultures wereprepared from these primary cultures on an artificial submucosaconstituted by collagen and human fibroblasts. The cell cultureswere analyzed histologically in vitro and then used for graft implantsin athymic mice to study their behavior in vivo.Results. The primary cultures were confluent within a minimumperiod of 10 days and maximum of 12 days, which is similar to theperiod that the secondary cultures required to reach confluence.The time from sampling to achieving a complete artificial mucosaranged from 20 to 22 days. The artificial mucosa showed histologiccharacteristics of a normal mucosa. After 17 days of graftimplantation in immunoincompetent mice without any clinicalcontingency, histologic and immunohistochemical characterization(cytokeratins 19 and 13, collagen IV, and laminin) confirmed thesimilarity of the mucosa in vitro to healthy oral mucosa.Conclusion. A complete oral mucosa equivalent can be preparedwith collagen and fibroblasts using in vitro culture techniques.Although this mucosa shows considerable retraction, its clinicalhandling is very favorable(AU)

Una complicación inusual del colgajo de Björk en la traqueotomía electiva / An unusual complication of Björk flap in elective tracheotomy

Introducción. La traqueotomía temporal electiva se emplea confrecuencia en intervenciones realizadas en el territorio cervicofacial. El colgajode pared traqueal anterior de base inferior (colgajo de Björk) facilita elcambio de cánula en el periodo postoperatorio. Caso clínico. Paciente intervenidode un cáncer oral al que tras haberse cerrado el traqueostoma se ledescubrió de forma casual un hilo de sutura en la luz traqueal. Dada la dificultadde su retirada por vía endoscópica y ausencia de sintomatología, sedecidió no retirarlo. Discusión. La traqueotomía electiva en oncología cervicofacialasegura la vía aérea, pero presenta también complicaciones. Es muyimportante un adecuado manejo del traqueostoma, independientementede que se elija un cierre primario o secundario del mismo(AU)

Introduction. Elective temporary tracheotomy in oftenperformed in head and neck oncologic surgery. An inferiorly hingedtracheal flap (Björk flap) provides a secure airway in the inmediatepostoperative period. Clinical case. This patient underwent resectionof an oral cancer and subsequent tracheotomy. After deccanulation,a piece of suture was found into the trachea as an incidentaldiscovery. There were no symptoms related to it, and it was notpossible to remove it from the anterior tracheal wall by means ofendoscopy, so it was left in place. Discussion. Elective tracheotomyin head and neck resection for malignancy safeguards the airway,but also has complications. It is very important a careful managementof the stoma, without regard if a primary or secundary closure of itis chosen(AU)

Angioleiomioma lingual: a propósito de un caso / Lingual angioleiomyoma: A case report

Introducción. Los leiomiomas orales son tumores del músculoliso poco frecuentes debido a la escasez de este tejido en la boca. La formamás frecuente es el angioleiomioma. Son tumoraciones generalmente asintomáticas,que pueden malignizar, por lo que está indicada su extirpación.Su diagnóstico es anatomopatológico siendo importante diferenciarlas desu forma maligna. El tratamiento es quirúrgico y la recidiva inusual.Material y método. Se presenta un caso de angileiomioma lingual y suscaracterísticas anatomopatológicas, relacionando los hallazgos con laliteratura existente.Discusión. Los angioleiomiomas linguales son tumoraciones poco frecuentes,generalmente asintomáticas y de fácil acceso quirúrgico. Los hallazgos anatomopatológicosconsisten en una proliferación vascular rodeada de unestroma positivo a la actina músculo liso específica. Ha de tenerse en cuentaen el diagnóstico diferencial de masas linguales tales como abscesos,neuromas y tumores de glándulas salivales menores. El tratamiento de elecciónes quirúrgico y la recidiva inusual.Conclusiones. Los angioleiomiomas linguales son tumores benignos pocofrecuentes pero que deben ser tenidos en cuenta en el diagnóstico diferencialde masas linguales. Es importante diferenciarlos de su forma malignaa través de su estudio anatomopatológico(AU)

Introduction. Oral leiomyomas are uncommon smoothmuscle tumors due to the scant presence of this tissue in the oralcavity. The most common type is angioleiomyoma. Angioleiomyomasusually are asymptomatic tumors that can become malignant, sosurgery is necessary. These tumors have a histopathologic diagnosisand the differential diagnosis from their malignant counterpartsis important. Surgery is the treatment of choice and recurrence israre.Material and method. We report a case of lingual angioleiomyoma,its histopathologic findings, and our literature review.Discussion. Lingual angioleiomyomas are tumors that areuncommon, usually asymptomatic, and easy to access for surgery.Histopathologic findings show intense positive staining to smoothmuscle actin. The differential diagnosis is with other lingual masses,such as abscesses, neuromas and minor salivary gland tumors.Surgery is the treatment of choice and recurrence is rare.Conclusions. Lingual angioleiomyomas are uncommon benigntumors to consider in the diagnosis of lingual masses. Malignancymust be excluded by adequate histopathologic study(AU)

Osteomas cráneo-faciales: presentación de 3 casos y revisión de la literatura / Cranio-facial osteomas: report of 3 cases and review of the literature

Introducción. Los osteomas son tumores óseos benignos de crecimiento lento, localizados principalmente en la región cráneo-máxilofacial. El tratamiento de las lesiones silentes suscita controversia pues no seha evidenciado su poder de malignización. Material y Método. Se presentan 3 casos poco habituales de osteomas craneofaciales localizados en los huesos frontal, etmoides y mandibula. Discusión. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura realizando una comparativa razonada de la actitud tomada en los casos presentados, discutiendo las ventajas e inconvenientes de lostratamientos realizados. Conclusiones. Se debe realizar una valoración individualizada de cada caso para decidir su manejo, teniendo en cuenta el riesgo derivado de la intervención así como el riesgo derivado de la conductaexpectante. El tipo de cirugía en estos tumores vendrá determinada por su tamaño y localización

Introduction. Osteomas are benign, slow-growing tumorsthat are located principally in the cranio-maxillo-facial region. Treatment of these silent lesions has resulted in controversy, as their potential for becoming malignant has not been demonstrated.Material and Methods. Three somewhat uncommon cases of craniofacial osteomas located in frontal, ethmoid and mandible bones are presented. Discussion. A revision of the literature is carried out, and a reasoned comparison is made of the attitude taken in the cases presented. The advantages and disadvantages of the treatmentcarried out are discussed. Conclusions. Each case should be assessed individually in order to decide how it should be dealt with,taking into account the risk derived from the surgery as well as the risk derived from a wait and watch strategy. The type of surgery for these tumors is determined by their size and location