Increased early RNA replication by chimeric West Nile virus W956IC leads to IPS-1-mediated activation of NF-κB and insufficient virus-mediated counteraction of the resulting canonical type I interferon signaling.

Although infections with "natural" West Nile virus (WNV) and the chimeric W956IC WNV infectious clone virus produce comparable peak virus yields in type I interferon (IFN) response-deficient BHK cells, W956IC infection produces higher levels of "unprotected" viral RNA at early times after infection. Analysis of infections with these two viruses in IFN-competent cells showed that W956IC activated NF-κB, induced higher levels of IFN-ß, and produced lower virus yields than WNV strain Eg101. IPS-1 was required for both increased induction of IFN-ß and decreased yields of W956IC. In Eg101-infected cells, phospho-STAT1/STAT2 nuclear translocation was blocked at all times analyzed, while some phospho-STAT1/STAT2 nuclear translocation was still detected at 8 h after infection in W956IC-infected mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), and early viral protein levels were lower in these cells. A set of additional chimeras was made by replacing various W956IC gene regions with the Eg101 equivalents. As reported previously, for three of these chimeras, the low early RNA phenotype of Eg101 was restored in BHK cells. Analysis of infections with two of these chimeric viruses in MEFs detected lower early viral RNA levels, higher early viral protein levels, lower early IFN-ß levels, and higher virus yields similar to those seen after Eg101 infection. The data suggest that replicase protein interactions directly or indirectly regulate genome switching between replication and translation at early times in favor of translation to minimize NF-κB activation and IFN induction by decreasing the amount of unprotected viral RNA, to produce sufficient viral protein to block canonical type I IFN signaling, and to efficiently remodel cell membranes for exponential genome amplification.

Promoter sequences confirm the three different evolutionary lineages described for HLA-G.

HLA-G alleles follow a different pattern of polymorphism generation that those of the HLA classical I alleles. However, this polymorphism maintenance could have an evolutionary specific pathways based on non coding regions as introns, 14 bp deletion/insertion (exon 8) or promoter regions. For this reason, a systematic sequencing study of HLA-G promoter region was done in 36 individuals with a total of 15 different alleles. From the 12 sequences obtained, 7 were new sequences and not previously described. Results show that the sequences have three different patterns of evolution confirming the results obtained in the rest of the sequence regions (exons, introns and 3'UTR) where three different lineages were established. Only one of these lineages includes the non-human primate promoter sequences suggesting the possibility of this lineage could come directly from non-human primates while the other two could be generated after the speciation. More non-human primates MHC-G promoter sequences must be obtained to confirm this hypothesis. Expression and functional assays could be done considering the differences obtained in the promoter regions involving the HLA-G function (mRNA expression, isoforms).

The novel HLA-G*01:03:01:02 allele differs from G*01:03:01:01 by a possible inversion event in intron 3.

HLA-G*01:03:01:02 and G*01:03:01:01 differ by a two nucleotide changes in intron 3.

The HLA-B*83:01 allele is generated by a gene conversion event including whole of exon 2 and partial introns 1 and 2 between B*44 and B*56 alleles.

Several studies have indicated the gene conversion as the most important mechanism about the MHC polymorphism generation when intron sequences are studied. The data obtained confirm that the B*83:01 allele is generated by gene conversion event including exon 2 and partial intron 1 and 2 between B*44 and B*56 alleles.

A new allele, HLA-G*010120, is generated by a recombination event between HLA-G*01010101/02 and HLA-G*01010201.

Recombination between HLA-G*01010101/02 and HLA-G*01010201 generates HLA-G*010120.

Fascitis necrotizante post-apendicectomía / Necrotizing fascitis post-appendectomy

La fascitis necrotizante (FN.) es una infección rápidamente progresiva que afecta a los tejidos blandos, con extensa necrosis del tejido subcutáneo y fascia subyacente, acompañada de una grave toxicidad sistémica. Puede ser secundaria a una cirugía. Dentro de las complicaciones de la apendicectomía, que es una cirugía aparentemente sencilla y frecuente, está la infección del sitio operatorio, pudiendo llegar a una FN, con las graves consecuencias que esto implica. Presentamos una serie de casos retrospectiva, correspondiente a 11 pacientes que desarrollaron esta infección posterior a una apendicectomía, entre enero del 2000 hasta mayo del 2002. Corresponden al 0,38 po ciento de los pacientes de los 2.830 operados en nuestra Institución en el mismo período. El promedio de edad fue 30 años. El tiempo que medió entre la apendicectomía y el diagnóstico de FN fue un promedio de 5,4 días. De los gérmenes aislados destaca la Escherichia Coli en 8 pacientes. El número de reintervenciones varió entre 2 y 14 veces y 2 de ellos debieron continuar con cirugías reconstructivas mayores. En 2 casos se asoció necrosis retroperitoneal, debiendo recibir tratamiento coadyuvante con oxígeno hiperbárico. La mortalidad fue de 18,2 por ciento (2 pacientes). El promedio de días de hospitalización fue de 35,5 días. De acuerdo a nuestros resultados, sugerimos que el manejo de estos pacientes debe ser multidisciplinario, resecando agresivamente el tejido necrosado, considerando que el equipo que reseca no es el mismo que debe reconstruir al paciente, logrando de esta manera una mortalidad por debajo de las publicadas hasta este momento.

A variant example of familial Floating-Harbor syndrome?

The Floating-Harbor syndrome (FHS) is clinically characterized by short stature, retarded speech development, delayed bone age, typical facies, bulbous nose, wide columella, thin lips. Four cases with celiac disease have been described previously. In two other cases, autosomal dominant inheritance has been suggested. We describe a boy aged 2 years 11 months with clinical features of FHS and celiac disease. His mother also presents minor phenotypical characteristics, suggesting that the present observation corresponds to a variant example of familial FHS.

Ring-20-syndrome and loss of telomeric regions.

A patient aged 10 years and 8 months with a ring-20-syndrome was studied. Clinically he presented normal psychomotor development until 25 months of age when he began with right simple partial motor seizures. He presented minimal dysmorphism, generalized tonic-clonic seizures refractory to medical therapy and behavioral troubles. He was submitted to a callosotomy when he presented an electric status, subsequently, he was treated with anticonvulsivants and felbamate and the seizures were controlled. The karyotype showed a chromosomal complement 46,XY,r(20)(p13q13.3) with loss of the telomeric regions evidenced by FISH. The mother had normal karyotype. The clinical and cytogenetic features of previous cases described in the literature were compared leading to a better characterization of this syndrome.

Literatura y lenguaje

Concepto de literatura y géneros literarios; Barroco; Neoclasicismo; Romanticismo; La Lírica

[The values of high-density lipoproteins and the risk of developing atherosclerosis]. / Valores de lipoproteínas de alta densidad y riesgo de desarrollar ateroesclerosis.

A serum search was performed at Centro municipality, Tabasco, Mexico. 393 samples were obtained with the aim of determining high density lipoproteins (HDL) values. A Framingham search was also done. 56.7 per cent of females showed values above 65 mg/dl; 15.7 per cent, between 45 and 65; and 27.6 per cent less than 45 mg/dl, with minor, medium and high risks for atherosclerosis, respectively. 56.9 per cent of males showed values above 55 mg/dl; 17.6 per cent between 35 and 55, and 25.5 per cent less than 35, with similar risk levels. In the Framingham search, 67.9 per cent of females showed 4.5 points and 32.1 per cent more than 4.6 for minor and major risk levels, respectively. 70.3 per cent of males obtained less than 5 points and 29.7 more than 5.1, for same risk.

Penifigo familiar benigno. Estudio de una familia. / Benign familial pemphigus.Study of a family

El objetivo de esta comunicacion es analizar las manifestaciones clinicas de una familia con 12 personas afectadas con penfigo familiar benigno, 5 con un cuadro clinico evidente, en los 7 restantes los signos e sintomas fueron muy discretos y transitorios. El tratamiento con D.D.S., 100 mg diarios por 11 y 6 meses en 2 pacientes disminuyeron los brotes ampollosos, el ardor y el prurito. Se revisaron conceptos historicos, clinicos, etiologicos y terapeuticos de la enfermedad de Hailey-Hailey