Efectos psicológicos del confinamiento por la COVID-19 en competidores de remo / Psychological effects of confinement by COVID-19 in rowing competitors

El periodo de confinamiento por el virus de la Covid-19 no sólo ha afectado a la población general, sino también al deporte en general. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar sobre las consecuencias emocionales y adaptativas de remeros que compiten a nivel nacional e internacional. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo de corte descriptivo con una muestra no probabilística, a partir de un muestreo por conveniencia, conocido como bola de nieve. En el estudio participaron ciento noventa y tres remeros que competían a nivel nacional e internacional, con una media de edad de 19.49 años. Los resultados mostraron que las remeras reaccionaron con más estados de ánimo displacenteros que los remeros. Igualmente se obtuvo que los pensamientos estresantes estaban asociados a estados de mayor ansiedad, la ira o los sentimientos depresivos, mientras que las mejores condiciones de entrenamiento y la aceptación de las reglas de confinamiento se asociaban inversamente con los estados de ánimo negativos. El análisis de regresión lineal mostró que los pensamientos estresantes, junto a los problemas de comportamiento y motivación durante el confinamiento predecían el nivel de perturbación total del estado de ánimo.(AU)

Emotional Reactions and Adaptation to COVID-19 Lockdown (or Confinement) by Spanish Competitive Athletes: Some Lesson for the Future.

The Coronavirus Covid 19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has produced terrible effects in the world economy and is shaking social and political stability around the world. The world of sport has obviously been severely affected by the pandemic, as authorities progressively canceled all level of competitions, including the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. In Spain, the initial government-lockdown closed the Sports High-performance Centers, and many other sports facilities. In order to support athlete's health and performance at crises like these, an online questionnaire named RECOVID-19, was designed to assess how athletes were living their lives during such periods of home confinement. The main purpose of the questionnaire was to assess the impact of prolongued confinement on athlete's psychological, emotional, and behavioral performance. One thousand, two hundred forty-eight athletes participated in the survey. They had the fllowing characteristics: (Mean age = 22.31 ± 11.49, Female: 53%), who compete at National (N: 1017, Mean age = 21.58 ± 11.42, Female: 52%) and International level (N: 231, Mean age = 25.56 ± 11.22, Female: 57%). Results showed that during the confinement period, those athletes who lacked motivation reported a higher level of stressful thoughts, more behavioral problems, and greater emotional upheaval (anger, fatigue, tension, and depression). However, those athletes who accepted confinement measures as necessary, and were in favor of respecting the rules of social isolation, fostered positive emotional states such as feelings of friendship. In addition, the availability of some sport equipment together with the ability to continue some training, were (1) protective factors against emotional stress, lack of motivation and behavioral problems; and (2) they were associated with greater respect for, and adherence to, confinement rules. Gender differences, tested by multigroup analysis, revealed that coping activities were more often associated to negative emotional states among women, whereas the ongoing availability of training information and future conditions were equally protective factors for both genders. This study also showed that receiving coaching, support and completing frequent training routines seem to be valuable tools to prevent or reduce some of the harmful effects of isolation on athlete's emotional well-being. The conclusions derived from this research would possibly help sport authorities to design supporting policies and plans to support athletes and trainers in future disruptive health crises.

V Coloquio Internacional de Psicología del Deporte Público REDDECA. El impacto del contexto social sobre la personalidad resistente en deportistas universitarios de México / V Coloquio Internacional de Psicología del Deporte Público REDDECA. The impact of the social context on resistant personality in university athletes from Mexico / V Coloquio Internacional de Psicología del Deporte Público REDDECA. O impacto do contexto social na personalidade resistente em atletas universitários do México

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron identificar los factores de contexto social que más influyen sobre la personalidad resistente (PR), y además encontrar los factores del contexto social que mejor se relacionan con el control del compromiso y desafío de la personalidad resistente. Participo un grupo de 174 deportistas universitarios de 16 diferentes deportes, que compitieron en la Universiada Nacional 2017, en Monterrey, Nuevo León (México). Los instrumentos que se utilizaron fueron dos: el cuestionario sobre Percepción de Factores relacionados con la Excelencia en el Deporte (PFED) y el cuestionario de Personalidad Resistente en Deportistas Centroamericanos y del Caribe (PRDCC). La metodología que se utilizó fue un diseño transversal, correlacional causal, de tipo no experimental. Los resultados mostraron que el factor del contexto social de mayor influencia sobre la personalidad resistente total son la naturaleza del entrenamiento (beta = 3.21; p< .01) y las características del entrenamiento (beta = 3.80; p< .01) , además de que ambas predicen los factores de control (beta = 3.83, beta = 3.81; p< .01) y compromiso (beta = 3.89, beta = 3.67; p< .01). En las correlaciones se encontró que la naturaleza del entrenamiento tiene una relación con el desafío r= .415 ** con el compromiso con un valor de r= .323 ** y el control con las características del entrenamiento con un valor de r=288 ** y la naturaleza del entrenamiento de manera global correlaciono con la PR total con un valor de r= 382 **.Por lo tanto, se concluye que el entrenador, los gestores administrativos y el equipo multidisciplinario impactan el desarrollo deportivo y promueven el compromiso y el gusto por los desafíos

The objectives of this study were to identify the social context factors that most influence the Resistant Personality (RP), and also find the social context factors that best relate to the control of the commitment and challenge of the resistant personality. The participants were 174 university athletes from 16 different sports, who competed in the 2017 National Universiade, in Monterrey, Nuevo León (Mexico). The instruments used are two: the questionnaire on the Perception of Factors related to Excellence in Sport (PFES) and the questionnaire of Resistant Personality in Central American and Caribbean athletes (RPCC). The methodology that was used was a cross-sectional, correlational, causal, non-experimental design. The results showed that the social context factor with the greatest influence on the total resistant personality is the nature of the training (beta = 3.21; p <.01) and the characteristics of the training (beta = 3.80; p <.01), in addition to that both predict the control factors (beta = 3.83, beta = 3.81; p <.01) and commitment (beta = 3.89, beta = 3.67; p <.01) In the correlations it was found that the nature of the training has a relationship with the challenge r = .415 ** with the commitment with a value of r = .323 ** and the control with the characteristics of the training with a value of r = 288 ** and the nature of the training in a global way correlated with the Total PR with a value of r = 382 **. Therefore, it is concluded that the coach, the administrative managers and the multidisciplinary team impact sports development and promote commitment and a taste for challenges

Os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar os fatores do contexto social que mais influenciam a Personalidade Resistente (PR) e também encontrar os fatores do contexto social que melhor se relacionam com o controle do comprometimento e desafio da personalidade resistente. Participaram 174 atletas universitários de 16 esportes diferentes, que competiram da Universiade Nacional de 2017, em Monterrey, Nuevo León (México). Os instrumentos utilizados são dois: o questionário sobre a percepção de fatores relacionados à excelência no esporte (PFEE) e o questionário de personalidade resistente em atletas da América Central e do Caribe (PRACC). A metodologia utilizada foi o delineamento transversal, correlacional, causal e não experimental. Os resultados mostraram que o fator de contexto social com maior influência na personalidade resistente total é a natureza do treinamento (beta = 3,21; p <0,01) e as características do treinamento (beta = 3,80; p <0,01), além de que ambos preveem os fatores de controle (beta = 3,83, beta = 3,81; p <0,01) e comprometimento (beta = 3,89, beta = 3,67; p <0,01) Nas correlações, verificou-se que a natureza do treinamento tem uma relação com o desafio r = 0,415 ** com o compromisso com um valor de r = 0,332 ** e o controle com as características do treinamento com um valor de r = 288 ** e a natureza do treinamento de forma global correlacionada com a PR total com um valor de r = 382 **. Portanto, conclui-se que o treinador, os gerentes administrativos e a equipe multidisciplinar impactam o desenvolvimento do esporte e promovem o comprometimento e o gosto por desafios

Escala de Conductas Parentales Ante el Uso de Tecnología en Adolescentes / Scale of Parental Behaviors to the Use of Technology in Adolescents

Resumen El uso de la tecnología se ha incrementado alrededor del mundo, en México hay 71.3 millones de usuarios, siendo niños y adolescentes, el segundo grupo que más accede a Internet, a su vez se originan diversos peligros y riesgos. Por lo tanto, la familia es un factor protector que permite regular, supervisar y guiar el contenido virtual. El objetivo del presente estudio fue confirmar la estructura factorial psicométrica de la escala de conductas parentales ante el uso de tecnología en adolescentes. Participaron 594 adolescentes de la Ciudad de México. Los resultados indicaron que el modelo pertinente a las prácticas de la mamá mostró índices de ajuste aceptables: CFI = .930; IFI = .931; NFI = .897 y RMSA = .056; al igual que el del papá: CFI = .961; IFI = .961; NFI = .943 y RMSA = .059. Se cumplieron criterios de normalidad, asimismo, los reactivos tuvieron estimaciones paramétricas arriba de .50, y presentaron índices de consistencia interna Alpha de Cronbach arriba de .70. Se concluye que la escala cumple con las propiedades psicométricas aceptables y permite evaluar la percepción de los adolescentes, sobre el comportamiento de sus padres frente al uso de internet.

Abstract The use of technology has increased around the world, in Mexico there are 71.3 million Internet users, with children and adolescents being the second group who access the Internet the most. With the growth of virtual users, the dangers and risks also enlarge, therefore, the family is a protective factor that allows to regulate, supervise and guide adolescents about virtual content. The objective of the present study was to confirm the psychometric factorial structure of the scale of parental behaviors to the use of technology. 594 adolescents from Mexico City participated. The research question was: How is the statistical correspondence of the proposed items of the scale of parental behaviors to the internet use in adolescents? and the hypothesis to be tested was whether the adjustment of the confirmatory factor model that represents the structure of two subscales (one divided into four factors and other in three) of parental behaviors to the use of technology has adequate adjustment indices. The results confirmed the factorial structure of the scale oriented towards mother's practices, obtaining the next index, CFI = .930; IFI = .931; NFI = .897 and RMSA = .056, with five factors: monitoring, supervision, conflict, support and protection. Also, the factorial structure of the parent's scale was confirmed, finding appropriate adjustment indices: CFI = .961; IFI = .961; NFI = .943 and RMSA = .059, with four factors: protection, conflict, control and support. Likewise, normality criteria were met, the items had parametric estimates above .50, and presented Cronbach's Alpha internal consistency indexes above .70. Finally, it is concluded that the scale complies with the acceptable psychometric properties and allows evaluating the adolescents 'perception of their parents' behavior regarding the use of technology. The findings can be used to carry out studies on attitudes associated with the perception of parental behaviors in the virtual media.

Divergences in the perception of parental practices, positive behavior and problems between parents and children / Divergências na percepção de práticas parentais, comportamento positivo e problemáticas entre pais e filhos / Divergencias en la percepción de prácticas parentales, comportamiento positivo y problemáticas entre padres e hijos

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the divergences in perception of parental practices, positive behavior and problems between parents and children. The participants, parents and adolescents, collaborated voluntarily and were examined in the following dyads: 248 fathers-sons, 241fathers-daughters, 237 mothers-sons, and 241 mothers-daughters. The psychometric instruments used were the Strengths and Difficulties Scale and the Parental Practices Scale for mothers and fathers. To achieve the main objective, correlation analysis, path analysis and differences of means with related samples were performed. The results showed correlations, from moderate to low, between parental practices, problems and prosocial behavior. In addition, different predictive factors of the children's behaviors were obtained, according to the sex of the parents and the parental practices they implemented. Finally, there were divergences between reports of parental practices, prosocial behavior and problems between parents and their children. Therefore, it is concluded that parental behavior is oriented according to the sexual role of their children, which involves social desirability.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como finalidade analisar as divergências na percepção das práticas parentais, no comportamento positivo e nas problemáticas entre pais e filhos. Os participantes, pais e adolescentes, colaboraram de maneira voluntária e foram avaliados nas seguintes díades: 248 pais-filhos, 241 pais-filhas, 237 mães-filhos e 241 mães-filhas. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Escala de Capacidades e Dificuldades e a Escala de Práticas Parentais para mães e pais. Para alcançar o objetivo principal, realizaram-se análises de correlação, análises de caminhos e diferenças de médias com amostras relacionadas. Os resultados mostraram correlações - de moderadas a baixas - entre as práticas parentais, os problemas e a conduta pró-social, além de diferentes fatores preditivos das condutas dos filhos a partir do gênero dos pais e das práticas parentais exercidas. Houve divergências entre os relatórios de práticas parentais, conduta pró-social e problemas entre os pais e seus filhos. Conclui-se que a conduta parental é orientada de acordo com o gênero dos filhos, o que implica certa desejabilidade social relacionada com seu papel como homens ou como mulheres.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como finalidad analizar las divergencias en la percepción de las prácticas parentales, el comportamiento positivo y las problemáticas entre padres e hijos. Los participantes, padres y adolescentes, colaboraron de manera voluntaria y se evaluaron en las siguientes díadas: 248 padres-hijos, 241 padres-hijas, 237 madres-hijos, y 241 madres-hijas. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Escala de Capacidades y Dificultades y la Escala de Prácticas Parentales para madres y padres. Para lograr el objetivo principal se realizaron análisis de correlación, análisis de senderos y diferencias de medias con muestras relacionadas. Los resultados mostraron correlaciones -de moderadas a bajas- entre las prácticas parentales, los problemas y la conducta prosocial, además de diferentes factores predictores de las conductas de los hijos a partir del sexo de los padres y las prácticas parentales ejercidas. Se presentaron divergencias entre los reportes de prácticas parentales, conducta prosocial y problemas entre los padres y sus hijos. Se concluye que la conducta parental se orienta según el sexo de los hijos, lo cual implica cierta deseabilidad social relacionada con su rol como hombres o como mujeres.

Orientación de logro y compromiso deportivo: estudio transcultural entre México y España / Orientação para o ego e compromisso desportivo: estudo transcultural entre México e Espanha / Goal orientation and sport commitment: a transcultural study between Mexico and Spain

There are several reasons for a person to start and persist in sports, to explain this phenomenon one of the most used models is sport commitment that in different investigations has proven its cross-cultural validity and is related to various constructs, including achievement motivation. Within this theory of motivation, we find the goal orientation, which has been conceptualized as the mental structure through which individuals interpret and respond to goal situations, and can change the perception of contextual sports variables and influence decision of starting or staying in a sport. The objective of this study was to compare a sample of Mexican and Spanish athletes regarding the dimensions of achievement orientation and the variables of the sports commitment model. The results showed significant differences only in mastery dimension, but the models of structural equations show major differences in their distribution and in the variables that influence the commitment. Cultural differences were found in how athletes respond to goal situations and how this may affect their decision to stay or leave the sport, with Spaniards showing a better fit with the original model of sports commitment (AU)

Existen diferentes motivos para que una persona inicie y persista en la práctica deportiva, para explicar este fenómeno uno de los modelos más utilizados es el de compromiso deportivo que en diferentes investigaciones se ha comprobado su validez transcultural y se le relaciona con diversos constructos, entre ellos, la motivación de logro. Dentro de esta teoría de la motivación encontramos la orientación de logro, que se ha conceptualizado como la estructura mental mediante la cual los individuos interpretan y responden a las situaciones de meta, y puede cambiar la percepción de las variables contextuales deportivas e influir en la decisión de iniciar o permanecer en la práctica un deporte. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar una muestra de deportistas mexicanos y españoles en cuanto a las dimensiones de orientación de logro y las variables del modelo de compromiso deportivo. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas solo en la dimensión de maestría, pero los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales muestran diferencias importantes en cuanto a su distribución y en las variables que influyen en el compromiso. Se encontraron diferencias culturales en cómo los deportistas responden a situaciones de meta y en cómo esto puede afectar su decisión de permanecer o abandonar el deporte, siendo los españoles quienes muestran un mejor ajuste con el modelo original de compromiso deportivo (AU)

Existem diferentes razões para uma pessoa para iniciar e persistir no esporte, para explicar esse fenômeno um dos modelos mais utilizados é o compromisso desportivo mesmo que em várias pesquisas provou sua validade transcultural e está associado com diversos construtos, incluindo a orientação para ego. Dentro desta teoria da motivação encontramos a orientação para ego, que tem sido conceituada como a estrutura mental através do qual os indivíduos interpretar e responder a situações de resultado (ego), e pode mudar a percepção das variáveis contextuais desportivas e influenciar a decisão para iniciar ou ficar em prática um esporte. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar uma amostra de atletas mexicanos e espanhóis en termos das dimensões de orientação para ego e as variáveis do modelo de compromisso esportivo. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas apenas na dimensão do domínio, mas modelos de equações estruturais mostram diferenças enquento a distribuição e nas variáveis que influenciam o compromisso. Se encontraram diferenças culturais na forma como os atletas respondem a situações de ego e como isso pode afetar sua decisão de ficar ou deixar o esporte, são os espanhóis que mostram um melhor ajuste com o modelo original de compromisso desportivo (AU)

Percepción de la violencia y sintomatología depresiva en parejas mexicanas / No disponible

La depresión en México es un grave problema de salud pública debido principalmente a la incapacidad que genera y a los correlatos físicos que presenta, la prevalencia de la depresión es mayor entre las mujeres que en los hombres y el riesgo de desarrollar síntomas depresivos aumenta ante la presencia de diversos factores biológicos y sociales, entre ellos la violencia en los núcleos familiares. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar cómo se asocia la percepción de la violencia en las parejas con la sintomatología depresiva, para ello participaron 150 hombres y 192 mujeres de la ciudad de México. Los resultados muestran que las mujeres presentaron más sintomatología depresiva que los hombres, además de que ellas reportan más violencia física, violencia económica, intimidación y humillación/devaluación que los hombres. En los análisis de modelos estructurales se observó que la violencia percibida influye de manera positiva en la aparición de sintomatología depresiva

Depression in Mexico is a serious public health problem mainly due to the generate of inability and the physical correlates that presents, the prevalence of depression is higher among women compared to men and the risk of developing depressive symptoms increases with the presence of various biological and social factors, including violence within families, hence the aim of this study was to determine how the perception of violence in couples is associated with depressive symptoms, for it involved 150 men and 192 women Mexico city. The results show that women had more depressive symptoms than men, also, they reported more physical violence, economic violence, intimidation and humiliation/devaluation than men, and further structural analysis models indicate that the perceived violence has a positive influence on the onset of depressive symptoms

Intervención Formativa con el Profesorado de Danza e Influencia Motivacional en su Alumnado / Formative Intervention with Dance Teachers and Motivational Influence in their Students

Se diseña un programa de formación para el profesorado con el principal objetivo de evaluar si sus estudiantes mejoran sus niveles motivacionales. Integraron la muestra 5 profesores voluntarios de un Conservatorio de danza (3 del grupo experimental y 2 del grupo control), así como sus respectivos alumnos (N=60). Se evaluó antes de la intervención la conducta de instrucción mediante el CBAS (Coaching Behaviour Assessment System) adaptado a danza, así como la motivación de los alumnos a través de un Cuestionario de Motivación para Estudiantes de Danza. Después del trabajo con profesores del grupo experimental, se les evaluó de nuevo para comprobar si los niveles iniciales reflejaban algún cambio. Los resultados muestran variaciones significativas en las escalas del CBAS y en los cuestionarios de Motivación en dicho grupo sugiriendo la efectividad de la intervención (AU)

An educational programme for teachers was designed with the aim to improve their students´ motivation. A sample consisting of five teachers from a dance conservatoire (experimental group n = 3, control group n = 2), and their respective students (N = 60) took part in this study. The behavior of the teachers was assessed using the adapted Coaching Behavior Assessment System (CBAS). The students´ motivation was assessed using the "Motivation questionnaire for dance students [Cuestionario de Motivación para Estudiantes de Danza]". Following the intervention, teachers and students in the experimental group were assessed using the instruments listed previously to observe any changes in motivation between pre and post test. Results showed significant differences in scales of CBAS and the questionnaires from pre to post test in the experimental group. The control group, however, did not display significant differences, thus suggesting the intervention was effective (AU)

Foi desenhado um programa de formação para os professores com o principal objetivo de avaliar se os estudantes melhoraram os níveis de motivação. A mostra foi composta por 5 professores voluntários de um Conservatório de Dança (3 do grupo experimental e 2 do grupo controle), e seus respectivos alunos (N=60). Foi avaliada a conduta de instrução antes da intervenção, através do CBAS (Coaching Behaviour Assessment System) adaptado á dança, e também a motivação dos alunos através do Questionário de Motivação para Estudantes de Dança. Depois do trabalho com os professores do grupo experimental, novamente foi avaliado para comprovar se os níveis iniciais apresentavam alguma alteração. Os resultados mostram variações significativas nas escalas do CBAS e no questionário de Motivação no grupo referido, sugerindo a efetividade da intervenção (AU)

Intervención en psicología del deporte: un caso de remo de alta competición / Psychological intervention in sport: a case of top-level competition rowing

Este trabajo presenta una intervención de caso único, en una remera de nivel internacional, que, debido a un déficit atencional, produce un error técnico que conlleva pérdidas de rendimiento dado que no alinea adecuadamente el barco en los entrenamientos y la competición. El objetivo de la intervención en un deporte del que hay poca literatura en castellano y sólo algunos trabajos en inglés, es corregir dicho error, basándose en estrategias atencionales que pueden usarse en remo. La intervención se hizo mediante el uso de un artilugio para redireccionar su atención. Desde el punto de vista teórico, y en vista de los resultados de la intervención, ésta se muestra muy útil, ya que aporta una clara solución al problema y supone una mejora para la correcta ejecución. Si bien el diseño A-B pueda ser débil desde el punto de vista metodológico, justificamos su uso por cuanto entendimos que, como así ocurrió, serviría para lograr la implicación de la deportista y la corrección del gesto inadecuado que era el objetivo de la intervención (AU)

This paper describes the implementation of a sole intervention with a female international rower. Due to an attention deficit, this rower commits a technical error which leads to reduced performance, caused by an incorrect alignment of the boat in both training and competition situations. The aim of this procedure, on which little has been written in Spanish and only a few articles have come out in English, is to correct this error by using concentration strategies that can be applied to rowers. The procedure is implemented by using a device to redirect the rower’s concentration. From a theoretical point of view, and in the light of the results of the intervention implemented, this proves very useful since it provides a very clear solution to the problem and improves performance level. Although the A-B design might be considered weak from the methodological point of view, it can be justified insofar as it involves both the athlete as well as the correction of the error, which is the objective of implementing the procedure (AU)