ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The impact of animal death on surgeons during training in laparoscopic techniques is unknown. METHODS: Emotions and cognitive load were assessed depending on animal survival. RESULTS: Those exposed to animal death (n=14) had higher levels of sadness (1.3) and anxiety (2.4), and lower levels of happiness (6.1) on a one-to-ten scale, compared to the 56 that were non-exposed (1.0/2.0/7.5). Mean cognitive load was 68.21±12.865 in the exposed and 64.74±14.632 in the non-exposed (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Emotions and cognitive load among surgeons training in laparoscopic techniques were similar, regardless animal survival after the surgical procedure
INTRODUCCIÓN: Se desconoce el impacto de la muerte animal en los cirujanos durante el entrenamiento en técnicas laparoscópicas. MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron emociones y carga cognitiva dependiendo de la exposición a la muerte del animal. RESULTADOS: Los 14 expuestos tuvieron niveles de tristeza (1,3) y ansiedad (2,4) más altos, y de felicidad más bajos (6,1), que los 56 no expuestos (1,0/2,0/7,5). La carga cognitiva fue 68,21±12,865 en los expuestos y 64,74±14,632 en los no expuestos. (p > 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: Emociones y carga cognitiva de cirujanos durante el entrenamiento en técnicas laparoscópicas fueron similares independientemente de la supervivencia del animal
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Simulation Training/methods , Cognition/physiology , Emotions/physiology , Attitude to Death , Animals, Laboratory , Laparoscopy/education , Simulation Training/standards , Educational Measurement , Education, Medical/methods , Education, Medical, Undergraduate , Students, Medical/psychologyABSTRACT
Reconciliation has been demonstrated in all primate species in which the phenomenon has been studied. However, reconciliation has been studied in only two species of callitrichids, and conclusions remain controversial. The first aim of this study has been to find out whether captive cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) reconcile, since this is the first such study on this species. We examined 227 conflicts in three family groups (N=19). Instances in which individuals remained together in t=0 (29; 12.8%) were not analyzed. The cotton-top tamarins showed heightened affiliation between opponents in the postconflict periods (PC) compared with matched control (MC) periods (39.88+/-5.12% and 3.18+/-1.27%, respectively), with a corrected conciliatory tendency of 37.17+/-5.37%, and a "time window" that included the first 180 sec of the PC period. Former opponents were the most likely recipient of affiliative behaviors during the PC periods: 39.83+/-4.26% vs. 11.36+/-5.33% during MC periods. The proportion of attracted pairs (47.13+/-6.25%) was significantly higher than those of dispersed pairs for male-male conflicts (3.79+/-1.79), but not for male-female conflicts (27.31+/-9.32 and 4.82+/-2.9, respectively). In cooperative-breeding species, specific sex-class dyads might differ in how they resolve conflicts.
