Subject(s)
Myocarditis/veterinary , Swine Diseases/epidemiology , Swine Diseases/prevention & control , Abortion, Veterinary/etiology , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Female , Male , Myocarditis/complications , Myocarditis/epidemiology , Myocarditis/prevention & control , New South Wales/epidemiology , Swine , Swine Diseases/etiology , SyndromeABSTRACT
Levels of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) were determined in 112 samples of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, (2,4-D), formulated as the dimethylamine salt, collected over a 2 year period from products on the Canadian market. A sample aliquot is partitioned with dichloromethane, and the co-extracted dimethylamine is removed by cleanup on a silica gel column. The eluates containing NDMA are concentrated, an internal standard of N-nitrosodipropylamine is added, and nitrosamine levels are determined using a gas chromatograph interfaced with a thermal energy analyzer. Recoveries of NDMA and N-nitrosodiethylamine spiked into samples were 103 +/- 16 and 96.3 +/- 9.8%, respectively. Of the 112 samples analyzed, 92 were below 1 part per million (ppm) relative to the amount of 2,4-D in the samples, 16 were between 1 and 5 ppm, and 4 were greater than 5 ppm. The gas chromatographic column used is compared to a conventional packing material for volatile nitrosamine analysis. Formation of NDMA during cleanup and analysis was shown not to occur.
Subject(s)
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/analysis , Diethylnitrosamine/analysis , Canada , Chromatography, Gas , Drug ContaminationABSTRACT
A composite titanium/silicone rubber clip has been developed for female sterilization. The 12.7 mm long metal clip is lined with silicone rubber and is bent round the Fallopian tube by means of an applicator that can be used laparoscopically. As tubal necorsis occurs, the rubber expands to keep the lumen blocked. The tube eventually divides and the stumps heal closed. Since the Mark 3 version of the clip was introduced, over 5700 women in several countries have been sterilized. The first 540 British women who were followed-up for five to 17 months experienced one method failure (ectopic) and tow operator failures, to total failure rate of 5.5/1000. Clip-related complications were minimal and long-term sequelae were comparable to tubal ligation. The clip causes minimal destruction but still seems effective for tubal occlusion and it can accommodate thick tubes.
