ABSTRACT
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to challenge the global healthcare with emerging variants and higher infectivity as well as morbidities. This study investigated potential age-related variations through genomic characterization of the virus under common clinical settings. A cohort comprising 71 SARS-CoV-2 strains from both infected infants and accompanying adults, diagnosed via RT-PCR at a tertiary pediatric hospital and research center, underwent Illumina paired-end sequencing. The subsequent analysis involved standard genomic screening, phylogeny construction, and mutational analyses. The analyzed SARSCoV- 2 strains were compared with globally circulating variants. The overall distribution revealed 67.61 % Delta, 25.7 % Omicron, and 1 % either Kappa or Alpha variants. In 2021, Delta predominated at â¼ 94 %, with Alpha/Kappa accounting for around 5 %. However, in 2022, over 94 % of the samples were Omicron variants, signifying a substantial shift from Delta dominance. Delta variants constituted 69.5 % of infections in adults and 78.5 % in infants, while Omicron variants were responsible for 31 % of cases in infants and 18 % in adults. The Spike region harbored the majority of mutations, with T19R being the most prevalent mutation in the Delta lineage. Notably, the frequencies of this mutation varied between infants and adults. In Omicron samples, G142D emerged as the most prevalent mutation. Our dataset predominantly featured clade 21A and lineage B.1.617.2. This study underscores the differential clinical presentations and genomic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric patients and accompanying adults. Understanding the dynamic evolution of the SARS- CoV-2 in both pediatric and adults can help in strengthening prophylactic measures.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Genome, Viral , Mutation , Phylogeny , SARS-CoV-2 , Humans , SARS-CoV-2/genetics , COVID-19/virology , COVID-19/genetics , Infant , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Whole Genome Sequencing/methods , Female , Male , Adolescent , Middle Aged , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics , Young AdultABSTRACT
Feminization of the face is as important as genital or chest surgeries in alleviating gender incongruence in transgender individuals. It comprises a myriad of procedures that address the skeletal and/or soft tissue components to give a harmonious result. The surgeries are custom-tailored for each individual based on facial anatomy as well as her desired changes for optimal results. A thorough understanding of the differences in male and female facial anatomy is crucial. The use of computed tomographic imaging with three-dimensional reconstruction and stereolithography models can greatly improve the planning as well as execution of these surgeries. There is an increase in demand for these surgeries, with a paucity of centers providing them. The aim of this article is to highlight the comprehensive facial feminization procedures, which have a high patient as well as surgeon satisfaction rate.
