Early, rapidly progressive vasculopathy in a transplanted heart: A possible complication of COVID-19.

The epidemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has had a significant global impact, especially on immunosuppressed populations such as heart transplant recipients. While SARS-CoV-2 initially infects the respiratory system, cardiovascular complications induced by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) include cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, heart failure, myocarditis, arrhythmia, acute myocyte injury, thrombotic events, and cardiogenic shock. Here, we present a case of a 45-year-old African American male who tested positive for COVID-19 infection six months after receiving a heart transplant. The patient was asymptomatic initially, but two weeks later he developed dyspnea, early satiety, and abdominal bloating. The patient was admitted to the hospital for acute renal failure and subsequently diagnosed with moderate acute T cell-mediated allograft rejection (Grade 2R) by endomyocardial biopsy. Three months after testing positive for COVID-19, the patient suffered a sudden cardiac death. At autopsy, the epicardium was diffusely edematous and showed vascular congestion. The coronary arteries showed a striking concentric narrowing of lumens and diffusely thickened arterial walls of all major extramural arteries deemed consistent with a rapidly progressive form of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein was localized by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in endothelial cells of venules and capillaries within the epicardium. Our localization of SARS-CoV-2 in coronary vessel endothelial cells by IHC suggests that endothelial cell infection, endotheliitis, and immune-related inflammation may be a primary mechanism of vascular injury. The present case represents an early onset rapidly progressive form of CAV. This case may be the first case of post-transplant arteriopathy occurring in such a short time that includes corresponding autopsy, surgical pathology, and IHC data.

Ocular screening for chronic graft-versus-host disease in patients with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates ocular manifestations of graft-versus-host disease in patients following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) at the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB). Preferred practice pattern guidelines are proposed for ocular graft-versus-host disease (oGHVD) detection. METHODS: The Epic electronic medical record database at UTMB was screened using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10), codes for bone marrow transplants, stem cell transplants, and complications of bone marrow transplants and stem cell transplants. We identified 50 patients with the ICD-10 codes that were seen at UTMB between 2000 and 2021. Patients who received an HSCT and follow-up care with UTMB were included in this study. Thirty-eight patients met the inclusion criteria, whereas 12 patients were excluded because they had no diagnosis of HSCT or did not follow-up with UTMB. RESULTS: Of the 38 patients in our cohort, 23.7% (n = 9) were noted to have oGVHD. As many as 89% of the patients with oGVHD presented with an ocular surface disease including keratoconjunctivitis sicca, meibomian gland dysfunction, and dry eye syndrome. Systemic GVHD also was found in 44% of the patients with oGVHD. Only 29% (n = 11) of the study population had referrals to ophthalmology. Most referrals (55%) were made within 1 year of getting the HSCT. None of the patients in our cohort received an ocular screening before HSCT. CONCLUSIONS: Many post-HSCT patients lack routine ophthalmic care. Regularly assessing post-HSCT patients for early signs and symptoms of oGVHD may limit adverse outcomes. Management of oGVHD should involve a multidisciplinary team approach.

On the Security and Data Integrity of Low-Cost Sensor Networks for Air Quality Monitoring.

The emerging connected, low-cost, and easy-to-use air quality monitoring systems have enabled a paradigm shift in the field of air pollution monitoring. These systems are increasingly being used by local government and non-profit organizations to inform the public, and to support decision making related to air quality. However, data integrity and system security are rarely considered during the design and deployment of such monitoring systems, and such ignorance leaves tremendous room for undesired and damaging cyber intrusions. The collected measurement data, if polluted, could misinform the public and mislead policy makers. In this paper, we demonstrate such issues by using a.com, a popular low-cost air quality monitoring system that provides an affordable and continuous air quality monitoring capability to broad communities. To protect the air quality monitoring network under this investigation, we denote the company of interest as a.com. Through a series of probing, we are able to identify multiple security vulnerabilities in the system, including unencrypted message communication, incompetent authentication mechanisms, and lack of data integrity verification. By exploiting these vulnerabilities, we have the ability of "impersonating" any victim sensor in the a.com system and polluting its data using fabricated data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first security analysis of low-cost and connected air quality monitoring systems. Our results highlight the urgent need in improving the security and data integrity design in these systems.