ABSTRACT
Although renal agenesis and dysgenesis are relatively common and significant birth defects, no animal model to date has been utilized to adequately study these developmental pathologies. Blockage of the migration of the mesonephric duct in Day 2 chick embryos results in unilateral renal agenesis (URA) on the operated side, thus providing a model of chronic renal insufficiency. Embryos with URA respond with an increase in the rate of growth of the remaining meso- and metanephric kidney. The allometric scaling of single (left) kidney weight to total body weight in control embryos is KM = 3.48M0.98 compared to KM = 3.02M1.16 in embryos with URA. In addition, embryos with URA exhibit a progressively polycystic mesonephros with distinct glomerulonephritis and expansion of the renal tubules. These renal changes are insufficient for normal urine (allantoic fluid) production and oliguria persists throughout incubation. While mortality is unaffected by URA in embryos up to Day 14 of incubation, there is a steady increase in mortality after Day 14; no chick embryo with URA lives beyond Day 18 of the 21-day incubation period.
Subject(s)
Glomerulonephritis/pathology , Kidney Failure, Chronic/pathology , Kidney/abnormalities , Animals , Chick Embryo , Disease Models, Animal , Embryo, Mammalian/surgery , Embryo, NonmammalianABSTRACT
One-lung anesthesia provides adequate alveolar gas exchange for many surgical procedures. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction plays an important role in maintaining oxygenation during this procedure. Today's anesthetist must be familiar with the various aspects of one-lung ventilation: initiation, maintenance and cessation.